Abstract Factory em C++
O Abstract Factory é um padrão de projeto criacional, que resolve o problema de criar famílias inteiras de produtos sem especificar suas classes concretas.
O Abstract Factory define uma interface para criar todos os produtos distintos, mas deixa a criação real do produto para classes fábrica concretas. Cada tipo de fábrica corresponde a uma determinada variedade de produtos.
O código cliente chama os métodos de criação de um objeto fábrica em vez de criar produtos diretamente com uma chamada de construtor (usando operador new). Como uma fábrica corresponde a uma única variante de produto, todos os seus produtos serão compatíveis.
O código cliente trabalha com fábricas e produtos somente através de suas interfaces abstratas. Ele permite que o mesmo código cliente funcione com produtos diferentes. Você apenas cria uma nova classe fábrica concreta e a passa para o código cliente.
Se você não conseguir descobrir a diferença entre os padrões Factory, Factory Method e Abstract Factory, leia nossa Comparação Factory.
Complexidade:
Popularidade:
Exemplos de uso: O padrão Abstract Factory é bastante comum no código C++. Muitas frameworks e bibliotecas o utilizam para fornecer uma maneira de estender e personalizar seus componentes padrão.
Identificação: O padrão é fácil de reconhecer pelos seus métodos, que retornam um objeto fárica. Em seguida, a fábrica é usado para criar subcomponentes específicos.
Exemplo conceitual
Este exemplo ilustra a estrutura do padrão de projeto Abstract Factory. Ele se concentra em responder a estas perguntas:
- De quais classes ele consiste?
- Quais papéis essas classes desempenham?
- De que maneira os elementos do padrão estão relacionados?
main.cc: Exemplo conceitual
/**
* Each distinct product of a product family should have a base interface. All
* variants of the product must implement this interface.
*/
class AbstractProductA {
public:
virtual ~AbstractProductA(){};
virtual std::string UsefulFunctionA() const = 0;
};
/**
* Concrete Products are created by corresponding Concrete Factories.
*/
class ConcreteProductA1 : public AbstractProductA {
public:
std::string UsefulFunctionA() const override {
return "The result of the product A1.";
}
};
class ConcreteProductA2 : public AbstractProductA {
std::string UsefulFunctionA() const override {
return "The result of the product A2.";
}
};
/**
* Here's the the base interface of another product. All products can interact
* with each other, but proper interaction is possible only between products of
* the same concrete variant.
*/
class AbstractProductB {
/**
* Product B is able to do its own thing...
*/
public:
virtual ~AbstractProductB(){};
virtual std::string UsefulFunctionB() const = 0;
/**
* ...but it also can collaborate with the ProductA.
*
* The Abstract Factory makes sure that all products it creates are of the
* same variant and thus, compatible.
*/
virtual std::string AnotherUsefulFunctionB(const AbstractProductA &collaborator) const = 0;
};
/**
* Concrete Products are created by corresponding Concrete Factories.
*/
class ConcreteProductB1 : public AbstractProductB {
public:
std::string UsefulFunctionB() const override {
return "The result of the product B1.";
}
/**
* The variant, Product B1, is only able to work correctly with the variant,
* Product A1. Nevertheless, it accepts any instance of AbstractProductA as an
* argument.
*/
std::string AnotherUsefulFunctionB(const AbstractProductA &collaborator) const override {
const std::string result = collaborator.UsefulFunctionA();
return "The result of the B1 collaborating with ( " + result + " )";
}
};
class ConcreteProductB2 : public AbstractProductB {
public:
std::string UsefulFunctionB() const override {
return "The result of the product B2.";
}
/**
* The variant, Product B2, is only able to work correctly with the variant,
* Product A2. Nevertheless, it accepts any instance of AbstractProductA as an
* argument.
*/
std::string AnotherUsefulFunctionB(const AbstractProductA &collaborator) const override {
const std::string result = collaborator.UsefulFunctionA();
return "The result of the B2 collaborating with ( " + result + " )";
}
};
/**
* The Abstract Factory interface declares a set of methods that return
* different abstract products. These products are called a family and are
* related by a high-level theme or concept. Products of one family are usually
* able to collaborate among themselves. A family of products may have several
* variants, but the products of one variant are incompatible with products of
* another.
*/
class AbstractFactory {
public:
virtual AbstractProductA *CreateProductA() const = 0;
virtual AbstractProductB *CreateProductB() const = 0;
};
/**
* Concrete Factories produce a family of products that belong to a single
* variant. The factory guarantees that resulting products are compatible. Note
* that signatures of the Concrete Factory's methods return an abstract product,
* while inside the method a concrete product is instantiated.
*/
class ConcreteFactory1 : public AbstractFactory {
public:
AbstractProductA *CreateProductA() const override {
return new ConcreteProductA1();
}
AbstractProductB *CreateProductB() const override {
return new ConcreteProductB1();
}
};
/**
* Each Concrete Factory has a corresponding product variant.
*/
class ConcreteFactory2 : public AbstractFactory {
public:
AbstractProductA *CreateProductA() const override {
return new ConcreteProductA2();
}
AbstractProductB *CreateProductB() const override {
return new ConcreteProductB2();
}
};
/**
* The client code works with factories and products only through abstract
* types: AbstractFactory and AbstractProduct. This lets you pass any factory or
* product subclass to the client code without breaking it.
*/
void ClientCode(const AbstractFactory &factory) {
const AbstractProductA *product_a = factory.CreateProductA();
const AbstractProductB *product_b = factory.CreateProductB();
std::cout << product_b->UsefulFunctionB() << "\n";
std::cout << product_b->AnotherUsefulFunctionB(*product_a) << "\n";
delete product_a;
delete product_b;
}
int main() {
std::cout << "Client: Testing client code with the first factory type:\n";
ConcreteFactory1 *f1 = new ConcreteFactory1();
ClientCode(*f1);
delete f1;
std::cout << std::endl;
std::cout << "Client: Testing the same client code with the second factory type:\n";
ConcreteFactory2 *f2 = new ConcreteFactory2();
ClientCode(*f2);
delete f2;
return 0;
}
Output.txt: Resultados da execução
Client: Testing client code with the first factory type:
The result of the product B1.
The result of the B1 collaborating with the (The result of the product A1.)
Client: Testing the same client code with the second factory type:
The result of the product B2.
The result of the B2 collaborating with the (The result of the product A2.)
