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Builder em Swift
O Builder é um padrão de projeto criacional, que permite a construção de objetos complexos passo a passo.
Diferente de outros padrões de criação, o Builder não exige que os produtos tenham uma interface comum. Isso torna possível produzir produtos diferentes usando o mesmo processo de construção.
Complexidade:
Popularidade:
Exemplos de uso: O padrão Builder é um padrão bem conhecido no mundo Swift. É especialmente útil quando você precisa criar um objeto com muitas opções possíveis de configuração.
Identificação: O padrão Builder pode ser reconhecido na classe que possui um único método de criação e vários métodos para configurar o objeto resultante. Os métodos do Builder geralmente suportam encadeamento (por exemplo, algumBuilder.configValorA(1).configValorB(2).criar()).
The following examples are available on
Swift Playgrounds.
Kudos to
Alejandro Mohamad for creating the Playground version.
Exemplo conceitual
Este exemplo ilustra a estrutura do padrão de projeto Builder. Ele se concentra em responder a estas perguntas:
- De quais classes ele consiste?
- Quais papéis essas classes desempenham?
- De que maneira os elementos do padrão estão relacionados?
Depois de aprender sobre a estrutura do padrão, será mais fácil entender o exemplo a seguir, com base em um caso de uso Swift do mundo real.
Example.swift: Exemplo conceitual
import XCTest
/// The Builder interface specifies methods for creating the different parts of
/// the Product objects.
protocol Builder {
func producePartA()
func producePartB()
func producePartC()
}
/// The Concrete Builder classes follow the Builder interface and provide
/// specific implementations of the building steps. Your program may have
/// several variations of Builders, implemented differently.
class ConcreteBuilder1: Builder {
/// A fresh builder instance should contain a blank product object, which is
/// used in further assembly.
private var product = Product1()
func reset() {
product = Product1()
}
/// All production steps work with the same product instance.
func producePartA() {
product.add(part: "PartA1")
}
func producePartB() {
product.add(part: "PartB1")
}
func producePartC() {
product.add(part: "PartC1")
}
/// Concrete Builders are supposed to provide their own methods for
/// retrieving results. That's because various types of builders may create
/// entirely different products that don't follow the same interface.
/// Therefore, such methods cannot be declared in the base Builder interface
/// (at least in a statically typed programming language).
///
/// Usually, after returning the end result to the client, a builder
/// instance is expected to be ready to start producing another product.
/// That's why it's a usual practice to call the reset method at the end of
/// the `getProduct` method body. However, this behavior is not mandatory,
/// and you can make your builders wait for an explicit reset call from the
/// client code before disposing of the previous result.
func retrieveProduct() -> Product1 {
let result = self.product
reset()
return result
}
}
/// The Director is only responsible for executing the building steps in a
/// particular sequence. It is helpful when producing products according to a
/// specific order or configuration. Strictly speaking, the Director class is
/// optional, since the client can control builders directly.
class Director {
private var builder: Builder?
/// The Director works with any builder instance that the client code passes
/// to it. This way, the client code may alter the final type of the newly
/// assembled product.
func update(builder: Builder) {
self.builder = builder
}
/// The Director can construct several product variations using the same
/// building steps.
func buildMinimalViableProduct() {
builder?.producePartA()
}
func buildFullFeaturedProduct() {
builder?.producePartA()
builder?.producePartB()
builder?.producePartC()
}
}
/// It makes sense to use the Builder pattern only when your products are quite
/// complex and require extensive configuration.
///
/// Unlike in other creational patterns, different concrete builders can produce
/// unrelated products. In other words, results of various builders may not
/// always follow the same interface.
class Product1 {
private var parts = [String]()
func add(part: String) {
self.parts.append(part)
}
func listParts() -> String {
return "Product parts: " + parts.joined(separator: ", ") + "\n"
}
}
/// The client code creates a builder object, passes it to the director and then
/// initiates the construction process. The end result is retrieved from the
/// builder object.
class Client {
// ...
static func someClientCode(director: Director) {
let builder = ConcreteBuilder1()
director.update(builder: builder)
print("Standard basic product:")
director.buildMinimalViableProduct()
print(builder.retrieveProduct().listParts())
print("Standard full featured product:")
director.buildFullFeaturedProduct()
print(builder.retrieveProduct().listParts())
// Remember, the Builder pattern can be used without a Director class.
print("Custom product:")
builder.producePartA()
builder.producePartC()
print(builder.retrieveProduct().listParts())
}
// ...
}
/// Let's see how it all comes together.
class BuilderConceptual: XCTestCase {
func testBuilderConceptual() {
let director = Director()
Client.someClientCode(director: director)
}
}
Output.txt: Resultados da execução
Standard basic product:
Product parts: PartA1
Standard full featured product:
Product parts: PartA1, PartB1, PartC1
Custom product:
Product parts: PartA1, PartC1
Exemplo do mundo real
Example.swift: Exemplo do mundo real
import Foundation
import XCTest
class BaseQueryBuilder<Model: DomainModel> {
typealias Predicate = (Model) -> (Bool)
func limit(_ limit: Int) -> BaseQueryBuilder<Model> {
return self
}
func filter(_ predicate: @escaping Predicate) -> BaseQueryBuilder<Model> {
return self
}
func fetch() -> [Model] {
preconditionFailure("Should be overridden in subclasses.")
}
}
class RealmQueryBuilder<Model: DomainModel>: BaseQueryBuilder<Model> {
enum Query {
case filter(Predicate)
case limit(Int)
/// ...
}
fileprivate var operations = [Query]()
@discardableResult
override func limit(_ limit: Int) -> RealmQueryBuilder<Model> {
operations.append(Query.limit(limit))
return self
}
@discardableResult
override func filter(_ predicate: @escaping Predicate) -> RealmQueryBuilder<Model> {
operations.append(Query.filter(predicate))
return self
}
override func fetch() -> [Model] {
print("RealmQueryBuilder: Initializing RealmDataProvider with \(operations.count) operations:")
return RealmProvider().fetch(operations)
}
}
class CoreDataQueryBuilder<Model: DomainModel>: BaseQueryBuilder<Model> {
enum Query {
case filter(Predicate)
case limit(Int)
case includesPropertyValues(Bool)
/// ...
}
fileprivate var operations = [Query]()
override func limit(_ limit: Int) -> CoreDataQueryBuilder<Model> {
operations.append(Query.limit(limit))
return self
}
override func filter(_ predicate: @escaping Predicate) -> CoreDataQueryBuilder<Model> {
operations.append(Query.filter(predicate))
return self
}
func includesPropertyValues(_ toggle: Bool) -> CoreDataQueryBuilder<Model> {
operations.append(Query.includesPropertyValues(toggle))
return self
}
override func fetch() -> [Model] {
print("CoreDataQueryBuilder: Initializing CoreDataProvider with \(operations.count) operations.")
return CoreDataProvider().fetch(operations)
}
}
/// Data Providers contain a logic how to fetch models. Builders accumulate
/// operations and then update providers to fetch the data.
class RealmProvider {
func fetch<Model: DomainModel>(_ operations: [RealmQueryBuilder<Model>.Query]) -> [Model] {
print("RealmProvider: Retrieving data from Realm...")
for item in operations {
switch item {
case .filter(_):
print("RealmProvider: executing the 'filter' operation.")
/// Use Realm instance to filter results.
break
case .limit(_):
print("RealmProvider: executing the 'limit' operation.")
/// Use Realm instance to limit results.
break
}
}
/// Return results from Realm
return []
}
}
class CoreDataProvider {
func fetch<Model: DomainModel>(_ operations: [CoreDataQueryBuilder<Model>.Query]) -> [Model] {
/// Create a NSFetchRequest
print("CoreDataProvider: Retrieving data from CoreData...")
for item in operations {
switch item {
case .filter(_):
print("CoreDataProvider: executing the 'filter' operation.")
/// Set a 'predicate' for a NSFetchRequest.
break
case .limit(_):
print("CoreDataProvider: executing the 'limit' operation.")
/// Set a 'fetchLimit' for a NSFetchRequest.
break
case .includesPropertyValues(_):
print("CoreDataProvider: executing the 'includesPropertyValues' operation.")
/// Set an 'includesPropertyValues' for a NSFetchRequest.
break
}
}
/// Execute a NSFetchRequest and return results.
return []
}
}
protocol DomainModel {
/// The protocol groups domain models to the common interface
}
private struct User: DomainModel {
let id: Int
let age: Int
let email: String
}
class BuilderRealWorld: XCTestCase {
func testBuilderRealWorld() {
print("Client: Start fetching data from Realm")
clientCode(builder: RealmQueryBuilder<User>())
print()
print("Client: Start fetching data from CoreData")
clientCode(builder: CoreDataQueryBuilder<User>())
}
fileprivate func clientCode(builder: BaseQueryBuilder<User>) {
let results = builder.filter({ $0.age < 20 })
.limit(1)
.fetch()
print("Client: I have fetched: " + String(results.count) + " records.")
}
}
Output.txt: Resultados da execução
Client: Start fetching data from Realm
RealmQueryBuilder: Initializing RealmDataProvider with 2 operations:
RealmProvider: Retrieving data from Realm...
RealmProvider: executing the 'filter' operation.
RealmProvider: executing the 'limit' operation.
Client: I have fetched: 0 records.
Client: Start fetching data from CoreData
CoreDataQueryBuilder: Initializing CoreDataProvider with 2 operations.
CoreDataProvider: Retrieving data from CoreData...
CoreDataProvider: executing the 'filter' operation.
CoreDataProvider: executing the 'limit' operation.
Client: I have fetched: 0 records.
