Memento em Swift
O Memento é um padrão de projeto comportamental que permite tirar um “retrato” do estado de um objeto e restaurá-lo no futuro.
O Memento não compromete a estrutura interna do objeto com o qual trabalha, nem os dados mantidos dentro dos retratos.
Complexidade:
Popularidade:
Exemplos de uso: O princípio do Memento pode ser alcançado usando a serialização, o que é bastante comum em Swift. Embora não seja a única e a maneira mais eficiente de tirar retratos do estado de um objeto, ainda permite armazenar backups de estado, protegendo a estrutura do originador de outros objetos.
The following examples are available on
Swift Playgrounds.
Kudos to
Alejandro Mohamad for creating the Playground version.
Exemplo conceitual
Este exemplo ilustra a estrutura do padrão de projeto Memento. Ele se concentra em responder a estas perguntas:
- De quais classes ele consiste?
- Quais papéis essas classes desempenham?
- De que maneira os elementos do padrão estão relacionados?
Depois de aprender sobre a estrutura do padrão, será mais fácil entender o exemplo a seguir, com base em um caso de uso Swift do mundo real.
Example.swift: Exemplo conceitual
import XCTest
/// The Originator holds some important state that may change over time. It also
/// defines a method for saving the state inside a memento and another method
/// for restoring the state from it.
class Originator {
/// For the sake of simplicity, the originator's state is stored inside a
/// single variable.
private var state: String
init(state: String) {
self.state = state
print("Originator: My initial state is: \(state)")
}
/// The Originator's business logic may affect its internal state.
/// Therefore, the client should backup the state before launching methods
/// of the business logic via the save() method.
func doSomething() {
print("Originator: I'm doing something important.")
state = generateRandomString()
print("Originator: and my state has changed to: \(state)")
}
private func generateRandomString() -> String {
return String(UUID().uuidString.suffix(4))
}
/// Saves the current state inside a memento.
func save() -> Memento {
return ConcreteMemento(state: state)
}
/// Restores the Originator's state from a memento object.
func restore(memento: Memento) {
guard let memento = memento as? ConcreteMemento else { return }
self.state = memento.state
print("Originator: My state has changed to: \(state)")
}
}
/// The Memento interface provides a way to retrieve the memento's metadata,
/// such as creation date or name. However, it doesn't expose the Originator's
/// state.
protocol Memento {
var name: String { get }
var date: Date { get }
}
/// The Concrete Memento contains the infrastructure for storing the
/// Originator's state.
class ConcreteMemento: Memento {
/// The Originator uses this method when restoring its state.
private(set) var state: String
private(set) var date: Date
init(state: String) {
self.state = state
self.date = Date()
}
/// The rest of the methods are used by the Caretaker to display metadata.
var name: String { return state + " " + date.description.suffix(14).prefix(8) }
}
/// The Caretaker doesn't depend on the Concrete Memento class. Therefore, it
/// doesn't have access to the originator's state, stored inside the memento. It
/// works with all mementos via the base Memento interface.
class Caretaker {
private lazy var mementos = [Memento]()
private var originator: Originator
init(originator: Originator) {
self.originator = originator
}
func backup() {
print("\nCaretaker: Saving Originator's state...\n")
mementos.append(originator.save())
}
func undo() {
guard !mementos.isEmpty else { return }
let removedMemento = mementos.removeLast()
print("Caretaker: Restoring state to: " + removedMemento.name)
originator.restore(memento: removedMemento)
}
func showHistory() {
print("Caretaker: Here's the list of mementos:\n")
mementos.forEach({ print($0.name) })
}
}
/// Let's see how it all works together.
class MementoConceptual: XCTestCase {
func testMementoConceptual() {
let originator = Originator(state: "Super-duper-super-puper-super.")
let caretaker = Caretaker(originator: originator)
caretaker.backup()
originator.doSomething()
caretaker.backup()
originator.doSomething()
caretaker.backup()
originator.doSomething()
print("\n")
caretaker.showHistory()
print("\nClient: Now, let's rollback!\n\n")
caretaker.undo()
print("\nClient: Once more!\n\n")
caretaker.undo()
}
}
Output.txt: Resultados da execução
Originator: My initial state is: Super-duper-super-puper-super.
Caretaker: Saving Originator's state...
Originator: I'm doing something important.
Originator: and my state has changed to: 1923
Caretaker: Saving Originator's state...
Originator: I'm doing something important.
Originator: and my state has changed to: 74FB
Caretaker: Saving Originator's state...
Originator: I'm doing something important.
Originator: and my state has changed to: 3681
Caretaker: Here's the list of mementos:
Super-duper-super-puper-super. 11:45:44
1923 11:45:44
74FB 11:45:44
Client: Now, let's rollback!
Caretaker: Restoring state to: 74FB 11:45:44
Originator: My state has changed to: 74FB
Client: Once more!
Caretaker: Restoring state to: 1923 11:45:44
Originator: My state has changed to: 1923
Exemplo do mundo real
Example.swift: Exemplo do mundo real
import XCTest
class MementoRealWorld: XCTestCase {
/// State and Command are often used together when the previous state of the
/// object should be restored in case of failure of some operation.
///
/// Note: UndoManager can be used as an alternative.
func test() {
let textView = UITextView()
let undoStack = UndoStack(textView)
textView.text = "First Change"
undoStack.save()
textView.text = "Second Change"
undoStack.save()
textView.text = (textView.text ?? "") + " & Third Change"
textView.textColor = .red
undoStack.save()
print(undoStack)
print("Client: Perform Undo operation 2 times\n")
undoStack.undo()
undoStack.undo()
print(undoStack)
}
}
class UndoStack: CustomStringConvertible {
private lazy var mementos = [Memento]()
private let textView: UITextView
init(_ textView: UITextView) {
self.textView = textView
}
func save() {
mementos.append(textView.memento)
}
func undo() {
guard !mementos.isEmpty else { return }
textView.restore(with: mementos.removeLast())
}
var description: String {
return mementos.reduce("", { $0 + $1.description })
}
}
protocol Memento: CustomStringConvertible {
var text: String { get }
var date: Date { get }
}
extension UITextView {
var memento: Memento {
return TextViewMemento(text: text,
textColor: textColor,
selectedRange: selectedRange)
}
func restore(with memento: Memento) {
guard let textViewMemento = memento as? TextViewMemento else { return }
text = textViewMemento.text
textColor = textViewMemento.textColor
selectedRange = textViewMemento.selectedRange
}
struct TextViewMemento: Memento {
let text: String
let date = Date()
let textColor: UIColor?
let selectedRange: NSRange
var description: String {
let time = Calendar.current.dateComponents([.hour, .minute, .second, .nanosecond],
from: date)
let color = String(describing: textColor)
return "Text: \(text)\n" + "Date: \(time.description)\n"
+ "Color: \(color)\n" + "Range: \(selectedRange)\n\n"
}
}
}
Output.txt: Resultados da execução
Text: First Change
Date: hour: 12 minute: 21 second: 50 nanosecond: 821737051 isLeapMonth: false
Color: nil
Range: {12, 0}
Text: Second Change
Date: hour: 12 minute: 21 second: 50 nanosecond: 826483011 isLeapMonth: false
Color: nil
Range: {13, 0}
Text: Second Change & Third Change
Date: hour: 12 minute: 21 second: 50 nanosecond: 829187035 isLeapMonth: false
Color: Optional(UIExtendedSRGBColorSpace 1 0 0 1)
Range: {28, 0}
Client: Perform Undo operation 2 times
Text: First Change
Date: hour: 12 minute: 21 second: 50 nanosecond: 821737051 isLeapMonth: false
Color: nil
Range: {12, 0}
