Commande en PHP
La Commande est un patron de conception comportemental qui convertit des demandes ou des traitements simples en objets.
Cette conversion permet de différer ou d’exécuter à distance des commandes, de gérer un historique de commandes, etc.
Complexité :
Popularité :
Exemples d’utilisation : La commande est très répandue en PHP. Elle est utilisée pour mettre les tâches dans une file d’attente, garder la trace des tâches exécutées dans l’historique et effectuer l’action « annuler ».
Identification : La commande peut être reconnue grâce à ses méthodes comportementales à l’intérieur d’un type abstrait ou d’une interface (demandeur). Elles appellent une méthode dans une implémentation d’un type abstrait différent ou d’une interface différente (récepteur) qui a été encapsulée par l’implémentation de la commande lors de sa création. Les classes Commande se limitent généralement à lancer des actions spécifiques.
Exemple conceptuel
Dans cet exemple, nous allons voir la structure du patron de conception Commande et répondre aux questions suivantes :
- Que contiennent les classes ?
- Quels rôles jouent-elles ?
- Comment les éléments du patron sont-ils reliés ?
Après avoir étudié la structure du patron, vous pourrez plus facilement comprendre l’exemple suivant qui est basé sur un cas d’utilisation réel en PHP.
index.php: Exemple conceptuel
<?php
namespace RefactoringGuru\Command\Conceptual;
/**
* The Command interface declares a method for executing a command.
*/
interface Command
{
public function execute(): void;
}
/**
* Some commands can implement simple operations on their own.
*/
class SimpleCommand implements Command
{
private $payload;
public function __construct(string $payload)
{
$this->payload = $payload;
}
public function execute(): void
{
echo "SimpleCommand: See, I can do simple things like printing (" . $this->payload . ")\n";
}
}
/**
* However, some commands can delegate more complex operations to other objects,
* called "receivers."
*/
class ComplexCommand implements Command
{
/**
* @var Receiver
*/
private $receiver;
/**
* Context data, required for launching the receiver's methods.
*/
private $a;
private $b;
/**
* Complex commands can accept one or several receiver objects along with
* any context data via the constructor.
*/
public function __construct(Receiver $receiver, string $a, string $b)
{
$this->receiver = $receiver;
$this->a = $a;
$this->b = $b;
}
/**
* Commands can delegate to any methods of a receiver.
*/
public function execute(): void
{
echo "ComplexCommand: Complex stuff should be done by a receiver object.\n";
$this->receiver->doSomething($this->a);
$this->receiver->doSomethingElse($this->b);
}
}
/**
* The Receiver classes contain some important business logic. They know how to
* perform all kinds of operations, associated with carrying out a request. In
* fact, any class may serve as a Receiver.
*/
class Receiver
{
public function doSomething(string $a): void
{
echo "Receiver: Working on (" . $a . ".)\n";
}
public function doSomethingElse(string $b): void
{
echo "Receiver: Also working on (" . $b . ".)\n";
}
}
/**
* The Invoker is associated with one or several commands. It sends a request to
* the command.
*/
class Invoker
{
/**
* @var Command
*/
private $onStart;
/**
* @var Command
*/
private $onFinish;
/**
* Initialize commands.
*/
public function setOnStart(Command $command): void
{
$this->onStart = $command;
}
public function setOnFinish(Command $command): void
{
$this->onFinish = $command;
}
/**
* The Invoker does not depend on concrete command or receiver classes. The
* Invoker passes a request to a receiver indirectly, by executing a
* command.
*/
public function doSomethingImportant(): void
{
echo "Invoker: Does anybody want something done before I begin?\n";
if ($this->onStart instanceof Command) {
$this->onStart->execute();
}
echo "Invoker: ...doing something really important...\n";
echo "Invoker: Does anybody want something done after I finish?\n";
if ($this->onFinish instanceof Command) {
$this->onFinish->execute();
}
}
}
/**
* The client code can parameterize an invoker with any commands.
*/
$invoker = new Invoker();
$invoker->setOnStart(new SimpleCommand("Say Hi!"));
$receiver = new Receiver();
$invoker->setOnFinish(new ComplexCommand($receiver, "Send email", "Save report"));
$invoker->doSomethingImportant();
Output.txt: Résultat de l’exécution
Invoker: Does anybody want something done before I begin?
SimpleCommand: See, I can do simple things like printing (Say Hi!)
Invoker: ...doing something really important...
Invoker: Does anybody want something done after I finish?
ComplexCommand: Complex stuff should be done by a receiver object.
Receiver: Working on (Send email.)
Receiver: Also working on (Save report.)
Analogie du monde réel
Dans cet exemple, la Commande est utilisée pour placer dans une file d’attente des appels de web scraping (extraction du contenu d’un site) dans le site Web IMDB, et les lancer un par un. La file d’attente est sauvegardée dans une base de données afin de conserver les commandes entre le lancement des scripts.
index.php: Exemple du monde réel
<?php
namespace RefactoringGuru\Command\RealWorld;
/**
* The Command interface declares the main execution method as well as several
* helper methods for retrieving a command's metadata.
*/
interface Command
{
public function execute(): void;
public function getId(): int;
public function getStatus(): int;
}
/**
* The base web scraping Command defines the basic downloading infrastructure,
* common to all concrete web scraping commands.
*/
abstract class WebScrapingCommand implements Command
{
public $id;
public $status = 0;
/**
* @var string URL for scraping.
*/
public $url;
public function __construct(string $url)
{
$this->url = $url;
}
public function getId(): int
{
return $this->id;
}
public function getStatus(): int
{
return $this->status;
}
public function getURL(): string
{
return $this->url;
}
/**
* Since the execution methods for all web scraping commands are very
* similar, we can provide a default implementation and let subclasses
* override them if needed.
*
* Psst! An observant reader may spot another behavioral pattern in action
* here.
*/
public function execute(): void
{
$html = $this->download();
$this->parse($html);
$this->complete();
}
public function download(): string
{
$html = file_get_contents($this->getURL());
echo "WebScrapingCommand: Downloaded {$this->url}\n";
return $html;
}
abstract public function parse(string $html): void;
public function complete(): void
{
$this->status = 1;
Queue::get()->completeCommand($this);
}
}
/**
* The Concrete Command for scraping the list of movie genres.
*/
class IMDBGenresScrapingCommand extends WebScrapingCommand
{
public function __construct()
{
$this->url = "https://www.imdb.com/feature/genre/";
}
/**
* Extract all genres and their search URLs from the page:
* https://www.imdb.com/feature/genre/
*/
public function parse($html): void
{
preg_match_all("|href=\"(https://www.imdb.com/search/title\?genres=.*?)\"|", $html, $matches);
echo "IMDBGenresScrapingCommand: Discovered " . count($matches[1]) . " genres.\n";
foreach ($matches[1] as $genre) {
Queue::get()->add(new IMDBGenrePageScrapingCommand($genre));
}
}
}
/**
* The Concrete Command for scraping the list of movies in a specific genre.
*/
class IMDBGenrePageScrapingCommand extends WebScrapingCommand
{
private $page;
public function __construct(string $url, int $page = 1)
{
parent::__construct($url);
$this->page = $page;
}
public function getURL(): string
{
return $this->url . '?page=' . $this->page;
}
/**
* Extract all movies from a page like this:
* https://www.imdb.com/search/title?genres=sci-fi&explore=title_type,genres
*/
public function parse(string $html): void
{
preg_match_all("|href=\"(/title/.*?/)\?ref_=adv_li_tt\"|", $html, $matches);
echo "IMDBGenrePageScrapingCommand: Discovered " . count($matches[1]) . " movies.\n";
foreach ($matches[1] as $moviePath) {
$url = "https://www.imdb.com" . $moviePath;
Queue::get()->add(new IMDBMovieScrapingCommand($url));
}
// Parse the next page URL.
if (preg_match("|Next »</a>|", $html)) {
Queue::get()->add(new IMDBGenrePageScrapingCommand($this->url, $this->page + 1));
}
}
}
/**
* The Concrete Command for scraping the movie details.
*/
class IMDBMovieScrapingCommand extends WebScrapingCommand
{
/**
* Get the movie info from a page like this:
* https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4154756/
*/
public function parse(string $html): void
{
if (preg_match("|<h1 itemprop=\"name\" class=\"\">(.*?)</h1>|", $html, $matches)) {
$title = $matches[1];
}
echo "IMDBMovieScrapingCommand: Parsed movie $title.\n";
}
}
/**
* The Queue class acts as an Invoker. It stacks the command objects and
* executes them one by one. If the script execution is suddenly terminated, the
* queue and all its commands can easily be restored, and you won't need to
* repeat all of the executed commands.
*
* Note that this is a very primitive implementation of the command queue, which
* stores commands in a local SQLite database. There are dozens of robust queue
* solution available for use in real apps.
*/
class Queue
{
private $db;
public function __construct()
{
$this->db = new \SQLite3(__DIR__ . '/commands.sqlite',
SQLITE3_OPEN_CREATE | SQLITE3_OPEN_READWRITE);
$this->db->query('CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "commands" (
"id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
"command" TEXT,
"status" INTEGER
)');
}
public function isEmpty(): bool
{
$query = 'SELECT COUNT("id") FROM "commands" WHERE status = 0';
return $this->db->querySingle($query) === 0;
}
public function add(Command $command): void
{
$query = 'INSERT INTO commands (command, status) VALUES (:command, :status)';
$statement = $this->db->prepare($query);
$statement->bindValue(':command', base64_encode(serialize($command)));
$statement->bindValue(':status', $command->getStatus());
$statement->execute();
}
public function getCommand(): Command
{
$query = 'SELECT * FROM "commands" WHERE "status" = 0 LIMIT 1';
$record = $this->db->querySingle($query, true);
$command = unserialize(base64_decode($record["command"]));
$command->id = $record['id'];
return $command;
}
public function completeCommand(Command $command): void
{
$query = 'UPDATE commands SET status = :status WHERE id = :id';
$statement = $this->db->prepare($query);
$statement->bindValue(':status', $command->getStatus());
$statement->bindValue(':id', $command->getId());
$statement->execute();
}
public function work(): void
{
while (!$this->isEmpty()) {
$command = $this->getCommand();
$command->execute();
}
}
/**
* For our convenience, the Queue object is a Singleton.
*/
public static function get(): Queue
{
static $instance;
if (!$instance) {
$instance = new Queue();
}
return $instance;
}
}
/**
* The client code.
*/
$queue = Queue::get();
if ($queue->isEmpty()) {
$queue->add(new IMDBGenresScrapingCommand());
}
$queue->work();
Output.txt: Résultat de l’exécution
WebScrapingCommand: Downloaded https://www.imdb.com/feature/genre/
IMDBGenresScrapingCommand: Discovered 14 genres.
WebScrapingCommand: Downloaded https://www.imdb.com/search/title?genres=comedy
IMDBGenrePageScrapingCommand: Discovered 50 movies.
WebScrapingCommand: Downloaded https://www.imdb.com/search/title?genres=sci-fi
IMDBGenrePageScrapingCommand: Discovered 50 movies.
WebScrapingCommand: Downloaded https://www.imdb.com/search/title?genres=horror
IMDBGenrePageScrapingCommand: Discovered 50 movies.
WebScrapingCommand: Downloaded https://www.imdb.com/search/title?genres=romance
IMDBGenrePageScrapingCommand: Discovered 50 movies.
...
