Singleton en PHP
Le Singleton est un patron de conception de création qui s’assure de l’existence d’un seul objet de son genre et fournit un unique point d’accès vers cet objet.
Le singleton possède à peu près les mêmes avantages et inconvénients que les variables globales. Même s’ils sont super utiles, ils réduisent la modularité du code.
Vous ne pourrez pas utiliser une classe qui dépend d’un singleton dans un autre contexte. Vous devrez également inclure complètement la classe Singleton dans votre code. En général, on se rend compte de cette limitation lorsque l’on crée des tests unitaires.
Complexité :
Popularité :
Exemples d’utilisation : Beaucoup de développeurs considèrent que le singleton est un antipatron. C’est pourquoi il est de moins en moins utilisé en PHP.
Identification : Le singleton peut être reconnu par une méthode de création statique qui retourne le même objet en cache.
Exemple conceptuel
Dans cet exemple, nous allons voir la structure du Singleton et répondre aux questions suivantes :
- Que contiennent les classes ?
- Quels rôles jouent-elles ?
- Comment les éléments du patron sont-ils reliés ?
Après avoir étudié la structure du patron, vous pourrez plus facilement comprendre l’exemple suivant qui est basé sur un cas d’utilisation réel en PHP.
index.php: Exemple conceptuel
<?php
namespace RefactoringGuru\Singleton\Conceptual;
/**
* The Singleton class defines the `GetInstance` method that serves as an
* alternative to constructor and lets clients access the same instance of this
* class over and over.
*/
class Singleton
{
/**
* The Singleton's instance is stored in a static field. This field is an
* array, because we'll allow our Singleton to have subclasses. Each item in
* this array will be an instance of a specific Singleton's subclass. You'll
* see how this works in a moment.
*/
private static $instances = [];
/**
* The Singleton's constructor should always be private to prevent direct
* construction calls with the `new` operator.
*/
protected function __construct() { }
/**
* Singletons should not be cloneable.
*/
protected function __clone() { }
/**
* Singletons should not be restorable from strings.
*/
public function __wakeup()
{
throw new \Exception("Cannot unserialize a singleton.");
}
/**
* This is the static method that controls the access to the singleton
* instance. On the first run, it creates a singleton object and places it
* into the static field. On subsequent runs, it returns the client existing
* object stored in the static field.
*
* This implementation lets you subclass the Singleton class while keeping
* just one instance of each subclass around.
*/
public static function getInstance(): Singleton
{
$cls = static::class;
if (!isset(self::$instances[$cls])) {
self::$instances[$cls] = new static();
}
return self::$instances[$cls];
}
/**
* Finally, any singleton should define some business logic, which can be
* executed on its instance.
*/
public function someBusinessLogic()
{
// ...
}
}
/**
* The client code.
*/
function clientCode()
{
$s1 = Singleton::getInstance();
$s2 = Singleton::getInstance();
if ($s1 === $s2) {
echo "Singleton works, both variables contain the same instance.";
} else {
echo "Singleton failed, variables contain different instances.";
}
}
clientCode();
Output.txt: Résultat de l’exécution
Singleton works, both variables contain the same instance.
Analogie du monde réel
Le Singleton est bien connu pour limiter la réutilisation du code et rendre les tests unitaires plus compliqués, mais il reste très utile dans certains cas. Il est particulièrement pratique dans le cas où vous devez contrôler des ressources partagées. Par exemple, pour un objet d’historisation de logs qui doit contrôler l’accès à un fichier de logs. Un autre bon exemple : le stockage de la configuration d’exécution partagée.
index.php: Exemple du monde réel
<?php
namespace RefactoringGuru\Singleton\RealWorld;
/**
* If you need to support several types of Singletons in your app, you can
* define the basic features of the Singleton in a base class, while moving the
* actual business logic (like logging) to subclasses.
*/
class Singleton
{
/**
* The actual singleton's instance almost always resides inside a static
* field. In this case, the static field is an array, where each subclass of
* the Singleton stores its own instance.
*/
private static $instances = [];
/**
* Singleton's constructor should not be public. However, it can't be
* private either if we want to allow subclassing.
*/
protected function __construct() { }
/**
* Cloning and unserialization are not permitted for singletons.
*/
protected function __clone() { }
public function __wakeup()
{
throw new \Exception("Cannot unserialize singleton");
}
/**
* The method you use to get the Singleton's instance.
*/
public static function getInstance()
{
$subclass = static::class;
if (!isset(self::$instances[$subclass])) {
// Note that here we use the "static" keyword instead of the actual
// class name. In this context, the "static" keyword means "the name
// of the current class". That detail is important because when the
// method is called on the subclass, we want an instance of that
// subclass to be created here.
self::$instances[$subclass] = new static();
}
return self::$instances[$subclass];
}
}
/**
* The logging class is the most known and praised use of the Singleton pattern.
* In most cases, you need a single logging object that writes to a single log
* file (control over shared resource). You also need a convenient way to access
* that instance from any context of your app (global access point).
*/
class Logger extends Singleton
{
/**
* A file pointer resource of the log file.
*/
private $fileHandle;
/**
* Since the Singleton's constructor is called only once, just a single file
* resource is opened at all times.
*
* Note, for the sake of simplicity, we open the console stream instead of
* the actual file here.
*/
protected function __construct()
{
$this->fileHandle = fopen('php://stdout', 'w');
}
/**
* Write a log entry to the opened file resource.
*/
public function writeLog(string $message): void
{
$date = date('Y-m-d');
fwrite($this->fileHandle, "$date: $message\n");
}
/**
* Just a handy shortcut to reduce the amount of code needed to log messages
* from the client code.
*/
public static function log(string $message): void
{
$logger = static::getInstance();
$logger->writeLog($message);
}
}
/**
* Applying the Singleton pattern to the configuration storage is also a common
* practice. Often you need to access application configurations from a lot of
* different places of the program. Singleton gives you that comfort.
*/
class Config extends Singleton
{
private $hashmap = [];
public function getValue(string $key): string
{
return $this->hashmap[$key];
}
public function setValue(string $key, string $value): void
{
$this->hashmap[$key] = $value;
}
}
/**
* The client code.
*/
Logger::log("Started!");
// Compare values of Logger singleton.
$l1 = Logger::getInstance();
$l2 = Logger::getInstance();
if ($l1 === $l2) {
Logger::log("Logger has a single instance.");
} else {
Logger::log("Loggers are different.");
}
// Check how Config singleton saves data...
$config1 = Config::getInstance();
$login = "test_login";
$password = "test_password";
$config1->setValue("login", $login);
$config1->setValue("password", $password);
// ...and restores it.
$config2 = Config::getInstance();
if ($login == $config2->getValue("login") &&
$password == $config2->getValue("password")
) {
Logger::log("Config singleton also works fine.");
}
Logger::log("Finished!");
Output.txt: Résultat de l’exécution
2018-06-04: Started!
2018-06-04: Logger has a single instance.
2018-06-04: Config singleton also works fine.
2018-06-04: Finished!
