Одинак — це породжуючий патерн, який гарантує існування тільки одного об’єкта певного класу, а також дозволяє дістатися цього об’єкта з будь-якого місця програми.
Одинак має такі ж переваги та недоліки, що і глобальні змінні. Його неймовірно зручно використовувати, але він порушує модульність вашого коду.
Ви не зможете просто взяти і використовувати клас, залежний від одинака, в іншій програмі. Для цього доведеться емулювати там присутність одинака. Найчастіше ця проблема проявляється при написанні юніт-тестів.
Концептуальний приклад
Цей приклад показує структуру патерна Одинак , а саме — з яких класів він складається, які ролі ці класи виконують і як вони взаємодіють один з одним.
Після ознайомлення зі структурою, вам буде легше сприймати наступний приклад, що розглядає реальний випадок використання патерна в світі PHP.
index.php: Приклад структури патерна
<?php
namespace RefactoringGuru\Singleton\Conceptual;
/**
* The Singleton class defines the `GetInstance` method that serves as an
* alternative to constructor and lets clients access the same instance of this
* class over and over.
*/
class Singleton
{
/**
* The Singleton's instance is stored in a static field. This field is an
* array, because we'll allow our Singleton to have subclasses. Each item in
* this array will be an instance of a specific Singleton's subclass. You'll
* see how this works in a moment.
*/
private static $instances = [];
/**
* The Singleton's constructor should always be private to prevent direct
* construction calls with the `new` operator.
*/
protected function __construct() { }
/**
* Singletons should not be cloneable.
*/
protected function __clone() { }
/**
* Singletons should not be restorable from strings.
*/
public function __wakeup()
{
throw new \Exception("Cannot unserialize a singleton.");
}
/**
* This is the static method that controls the access to the singleton
* instance. On the first run, it creates a singleton object and places it
* into the static field. On subsequent runs, it returns the client existing
* object stored in the static field.
*
* This implementation lets you subclass the Singleton class while keeping
* just one instance of each subclass around.
*/
public static function getInstance(): Singleton
{
$cls = static::class;
if (!isset(self::$instances[$cls])) {
self::$instances[$cls] = new static();
}
return self::$instances[$cls];
}
/**
* Finally, any singleton should define some business logic, which can be
* executed on its instance.
*/
public function someBusinessLogic()
{
// ...
}
}
/**
* The client code.
*/
function clientCode()
{
$s1 = Singleton::getInstance();
$s2 = Singleton::getInstance();
if ($s1 === $s2) {
echo "Singleton works, both variables contain the same instance.";
} else {
echo "Singleton failed, variables contain different instances.";
}
}
clientCode();
Output.txt: Результат виконання
Singleton works, both variables contain the same instance.
Життєвий приклад
index.php: Приклад з реального світу
<?php
namespace RefactoringGuru\Singleton\RealWorld;
/**
* If you need to support several types of Singletons in your app, you can
* define the basic features of the Singleton in a base class, while moving the
* actual business logic (like logging) to subclasses.
*/
class Singleton
{
/**
* The actual singleton's instance almost always resides inside a static
* field. In this case, the static field is an array, where each subclass of
* the Singleton stores its own instance.
*/
private static $instances = [];
/**
* Singleton's constructor should not be public. However, it can't be
* private either if we want to allow subclassing.
*/
protected function __construct() { }
/**
* Cloning and unserialization are not permitted for singletons.
*/
protected function __clone() { }
public function __wakeup()
{
throw new \Exception("Cannot unserialize singleton");
}
/**
* The method you use to get the Singleton's instance.
*/
public static function getInstance()
{
$subclass = static::class;
if (!isset(self::$instances[$subclass])) {
// Note that here we use the "static" keyword instead of the actual
// class name. In this context, the "static" keyword means "the name
// of the current class". That detail is important because when the
// method is called on the subclass, we want an instance of that
// subclass to be created here.
self::$instances[$subclass] = new static();
}
return self::$instances[$subclass];
}
}
/**
* The logging class is the most known and praised use of the Singleton pattern.
* In most cases, you need a single logging object that writes to a single log
* file (control over shared resource). You also need a convenient way to access
* that instance from any context of your app (global access point).
*/
class Logger extends Singleton
{
/**
* A file pointer resource of the log file.
*/
private $fileHandle;
/**
* Since the Singleton's constructor is called only once, just a single file
* resource is opened at all times.
*
* Note, for the sake of simplicity, we open the console stream instead of
* the actual file here.
*/
protected function __construct()
{
$this->fileHandle = fopen('php://stdout', 'w');
}
/**
* Write a log entry to the opened file resource.
*/
public function writeLog(string $message): void
{
$date = date('Y-m-d');
fwrite($this->fileHandle, "$date: $message\n");
}
/**
* Just a handy shortcut to reduce the amount of code needed to log messages
* from the client code.
*/
public static function log(string $message): void
{
$logger = static::getInstance();
$logger->writeLog($message);
}
}
/**
* Applying the Singleton pattern to the configuration storage is also a common
* practice. Often you need to access application configurations from a lot of
* different places of the program. Singleton gives you that comfort.
*/
class Config extends Singleton
{
private $hashmap = [];
public function getValue(string $key): string
{
return $this->hashmap[$key];
}
public function setValue(string $key, string $value): void
{
$this->hashmap[$key] = $value;
}
}
/**
* The client code.
*/
Logger::log("Started!");
// Compare values of Logger singleton.
$l1 = Logger::getInstance();
$l2 = Logger::getInstance();
if ($l1 === $l2) {
Logger::log("Logger has a single instance.");
} else {
Logger::log("Loggers are different.");
}
// Check how Config singleton saves data...
$config1 = Config::getInstance();
$login = "test_login";
$password = "test_password";
$config1->setValue("login", $login);
$config1->setValue("password", $password);
// ...and restores it.
$config2 = Config::getInstance();
if ($login == $config2->getValue("login") &&
$password == $config2->getValue("password")
) {
Logger::log("Config singleton also works fine.");
}
Logger::log("Finished!");
Output.txt: Результат виконання
2018-06-04: Started!
2018-06-04: Logger has a single instance.
2018-06-04: Config singleton also works fine.
2018-06-04: Finished!