Factory Method を Ruby で

Factory Method は、生成に関するデザインパターンの一つで、具象クラスを指定することなく、プロダクト（訳注：本パターンでは、生成されるモノのことを一般にプロダクトと呼びます）のオブジェクトを生成することを可能とします。

Factory Method では、オブジェクトの生成において、直接のコンストラクター呼び出し（new 演算子）代わりに使用すべきメソッドを定義します。サブクラスにおいてこのメソッドを上書きすることにより、生成されるオブジェクトのクラスを変更します。

もし各種ファクトリー系のパターンやコンセプトの違いで迷った場合は、ファクトリーの比較をご覧ください。

Factory Method の詳細

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使用例： Factory Method パターンは、 Ruby コードでは広く使われます。コードに高度の柔軟性を持たせたい時にとても役に立ちます。

見つけ方： 具象クラスで具象オブジェクトを作成し、それを抽象型またはインターフェースのオブジェクトとして返すような生成メソッドの存在により、 Factory Method を識別できます。

概念的な例

この例は、 Factory Method デザインパターンの構造を説明するためのものです。以下の質問に答えることを目的としています：

どういうクラスからできているか？
それぞれのクラスの役割は？
パターンの要素同士はどう関係しているのか？

main.rb: 概念的な例

# The Creator class declares the factory method that is supposed to return an
# object of a Product class. The Creator's subclasses usually provide the
# implementation of this method.
class Creator
  # Note that the Creator may also provide some default implementation of the
  # factory method.
  def factory_method
    raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} has not implemented method '#{__method__}'"
  end

  # Also note that, despite its name, the Creator's primary responsibility is
  # not creating products. Usually, it contains some core business logic that
  # relies on Product objects, returned by the factory method. Subclasses can
  # indirectly change that business logic by overriding the factory method and
  # returning a different type of product from it.
  def some_operation
    # Call the factory method to create a Product object.
    product = factory_method

    # Now, use the product.
    "Creator: The same creator's code has just worked with #{product.operation}"
  end
end

# Concrete Creators override the factory method in order to change the resulting
# product's type.
class ConcreteCreator1 < Creator
  # Note that the signature of the method still uses the abstract product type,
  # even though the concrete product is actually returned from the method. This
  # way the Creator can stay independent of concrete product classes.
  def factory_method
    ConcreteProduct1.new
  end
end

class ConcreteCreator2 < Creator
  # @return [ConcreteProduct2]
  def factory_method
    ConcreteProduct2.new
  end
end

# The Product interface declares the operations that all concrete products must
# implement.
class Product
  # return [String]
  def operation
    raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} has not implemented method '#{__method__}'"
  end
end

# Concrete Products provide various implementations of the Product interface.
class ConcreteProduct1 < Product
  # @return [String]
  def operation
    '{Result of the ConcreteProduct1}'
  end
end

class ConcreteProduct2 < Product
  # @return [String]
  def operation
    '{Result of the ConcreteProduct2}'
  end
end

# The client code works with an instance of a concrete creator, albeit through
# its base interface. As long as the client keeps working with the creator via
# the base interface, you can pass it any creator's subclass.
def client_code(creator)
  print "Client: I'm not aware of the creator's class, but it still works.\n"\
        "#{creator.some_operation}"
end

puts 'App: Launched with the ConcreteCreator1.'
client_code(ConcreteCreator1.new)
puts "\n\n"

puts 'App: Launched with the ConcreteCreator2.'
client_code(ConcreteCreator2.new)

output.txt: 実行結果

App: Launched with the ConcreteCreator1.
Client: I'm not aware of the creator's class, but it still works.
Creator: The same creator's code has just worked with {Result of the ConcreteProduct1}

App: Launched with the ConcreteCreator2.
Client: I'm not aware of the creator's class, but it still works.
Creator: The same creator's code has just worked with {Result of the ConcreteProduct2}

Factory Method を Ruby で

概念的な例

main.rb: 概念的な例

output.txt: 実行結果

他言語での Factory Method