PHP로 작성된 브리지

브리지는 구조 디자인 패턴입니다. 이 패턴은 비즈니스 로직 또는 거대한 클래스를 독립적으로 개발할 수 있는 별도의 클래스 계층구조들로 나눕니다.

종종 추상화라고 불리는 이러한 계층구조 중 하나는 두 번째 계층구조의 객체(구현)에 대한 참조를 얻습니다. 추상화의 호출들 일부(때로는 대부분)를 구현 객체에 위임할 수 있습니다. 모든 구현은 공통 인터페이스를 가지므로 추상화 내에서 상호 교환할 수 있습니다.

브리지에 대하여 더 자세히 알아보세요

복잡도:

인기도:

사용 예시들: 브리지 패턴은 크로스 플랫폼 앱들을 처리할 때, 여러 유형의 데이터베이스 서버를 지원할 때 또는 특정 종류의 여러 API 제공자(예: 클라우드 플랫폼, 소셜 네트워크 등)와 작업할 때 특히 유용합니다.

식별법: 브리지는 일부 제어 개체가 해당 개체가 의존하는 여러 다른 플랫폼들과 명확하게 구분됩니다.

개념적인 예시

이 예시는 브리지 디자인 패턴의 구조를 보여주고 다음 질문에 중점을 둡니다:

패턴은 어떤 클래스들로 구성되어 있나요?
이 클래스들은 어떤 역할을 하나요?
패턴의 요소들은 어떻게 서로 연관되어 있나요?

이 패턴의 구조를 배우면 실제 PHP 사용 사례를 기반으로 하는 다음 예시를 더욱 쉽게 이해할 수 있을 것입니다.

index.php: 개념적인 예시

<?php

namespace RefactoringGuru\Bridge\Conceptual;

/**
 * The Abstraction defines the interface for the "control" part of the two class
 * hierarchies. It maintains a reference to an object of the Implementation
 * hierarchy and delegates all of the real work to this object.
 */
class Abstraction
{
    /**
     * @var Implementation
     */
    protected $implementation;

    public function __construct(Implementation $implementation)
    {
        $this->implementation = $implementation;
    }

    public function operation(): string
    {
        return "Abstraction: Base operation with:\n" .
            $this->implementation->operationImplementation();
    }
}

/**
 * You can extend the Abstraction without changing the Implementation classes.
 */
class ExtendedAbstraction extends Abstraction
{
    public function operation(): string
    {
        return "ExtendedAbstraction: Extended operation with:\n" .
            $this->implementation->operationImplementation();
    }
}

/**
 * The Implementation defines the interface for all implementation classes. It
 * doesn't have to match the Abstraction's interface. In fact, the two
 * interfaces can be entirely different. Typically the Implementation interface
 * provides only primitive operations, while the Abstraction defines higher-
 * level operations based on those primitives.
 */
interface Implementation
{
    public function operationImplementation(): string;
}

/**
 * Each Concrete Implementation corresponds to a specific platform and
 * implements the Implementation interface using that platform's API.
 */
class ConcreteImplementationA implements Implementation
{
    public function operationImplementation(): string
    {
        return "ConcreteImplementationA: Here's the result on the platform A.\n";
    }
}

class ConcreteImplementationB implements Implementation
{
    public function operationImplementation(): string
    {
        return "ConcreteImplementationB: Here's the result on the platform B.\n";
    }
}

/**
 * Except for the initialization phase, where an Abstraction object gets linked
 * with a specific Implementation object, the client code should only depend on
 * the Abstraction class. This way the client code can support any abstraction-
 * implementation combination.
 */
function clientCode(Abstraction $abstraction)
{
    // ...

    echo $abstraction->operation();

    // ...
}

/**
 * The client code should be able to work with any pre-configured abstraction-
 * implementation combination.
 */
$implementation = new ConcreteImplementationA();
$abstraction = new Abstraction($implementation);
clientCode($abstraction);

echo "\n";

$implementation = new ConcreteImplementationB();
$abstraction = new ExtendedAbstraction($implementation);
clientCode($abstraction);

Output.txt: 실행 결과

Abstraction: Base operation with:
ConcreteImplementationA: Here's the result on the platform A.

ExtendedAbstraction: Extended operation with:
ConcreteImplementationB: Here's the result on the platform B.

실제 사례 예시

이 예시에서 Page(페이지) 계층 구조는 추상화 역할을 하고 Renderer(렌더러) 계층 구조는 구현 역할을 합니다. 페이지 클래스의 객체들은 해당 페이지에 부착된 렌더러 객체에서 제공하는 기본 요소들을 사용하여 특정 종류의 웹 페이지를 조합할 수 있습니다. 두 클래스 계층 구조들이 서로 분리되어 있으므로 페이지 클래스들을 전혀 변경하지 않고 새 렌더러 클래스를 추가할 수 있으며 그 반대의 경우도 가능합니다.

index.php: 실제 사례 예시

<?php

namespace RefactoringGuru\Bridge\RealWorld;

/**
 * The Abstraction.
 */
abstract class Page
{
    /**
     * @var Renderer
     */
    protected $renderer;

    /**
     * The Abstraction is usually initialized with one of the Implementation
     * objects.
     */
    public function __construct(Renderer $renderer)
    {
        $this->renderer = $renderer;
    }

    /**
     * The Bridge pattern allows replacing the attached Implementation object
     * dynamically.
     */
    public function changeRenderer(Renderer $renderer): void
    {
        $this->renderer = $renderer;
    }

    /**
     * The "view" behavior stays abstract since it can only be provided by
     * Concrete Abstraction classes.
     */
    abstract public function view(): string;
}

/**
 * This Concrete Abstraction represents a simple page.
 */
class SimplePage extends Page
{
    protected $title;
    protected $content;

    public function __construct(Renderer $renderer, string $title, string $content)
    {
        parent::__construct($renderer);
        $this->title = $title;
        $this->content = $content;
    }

    public function view(): string
    {
        return $this->renderer->renderParts([
            $this->renderer->renderHeader(),
            $this->renderer->renderTitle($this->title),
            $this->renderer->renderTextBlock($this->content),
            $this->renderer->renderFooter()
        ]);
    }
}

/**
 * This Concrete Abstraction represents a more complex page.
 */
class ProductPage extends Page
{
    protected $product;

    public function __construct(Renderer $renderer, Product $product)
    {
        parent::__construct($renderer);
        $this->product = $product;
    }

    public function view(): string
    {
        return $this->renderer->renderParts([
            $this->renderer->renderHeader(),
            $this->renderer->renderTitle($this->product->getTitle()),
            $this->renderer->renderTextBlock($this->product->getDescription()),
            $this->renderer->renderImage($this->product->getImage()),
            $this->renderer->renderTextBlock('$'.number_format($this->product->getPrice(), 2)),
            $this->renderer->renderLink("/cart/add/".$this->product->getId(), "Add to cart"),
            $this->renderer->renderFooter()
        ]);
    }
}

/**
 * A helper class for the ProductPage class.
 */
class Product
{
    private $id, $title, $description, $image, $price;

    public function __construct(
        string $id,
        string $title,
        string $description,
        string $image,
        float $price
    ) {
        $this->id = $id;
        $this->title = $title;
        $this->description = $description;
        $this->image = $image;
        $this->price = $price;
    }

    public function getId(): string { return $this->id; }

    public function getTitle(): string { return $this->title; }

    public function getDescription(): string { return $this->description; }

    public function getImage(): string { return $this->image; }

    public function getPrice(): float { return $this->price; }
}


/**
 * The Implementation declares a set of "real", "under-the-hood", "platform"
 * methods.
 *
 * In this case, the Implementation lists rendering methods that can be used to
 * compose any web page. Different Abstractions may use different methods of the
 * Implementation.
 */
interface Renderer
{
    public function renderTitle(string $title): string;

    public function renderTextBlock(string $text): string;

    public function renderImage(string $url): string;

    public function renderLink(string $url, string $title): string;

    public function renderHeader(): string;

    public function renderFooter(): string;

    public function renderParts(array $parts): string;
}

/**
 * This Concrete Implementation renders a web page as HTML.
 */
class HTMLRenderer implements Renderer
{
    public function renderTitle(string $title): string
    {
        return "<h1>$title</h1>";
    }

    public function renderTextBlock(string $text): string
    {
        return "<div class='text'>$text</div>";
    }

    public function renderImage(string $url): string
    {
        return "<img src='$url'>";
    }

    public function renderLink(string $url, string $title): string
    {
        return "<a href='$url'>$title</a>";
    }

    public function renderHeader(): string
    {
        return "<html><body>";
    }

    public function renderFooter(): string
    {
        return "</body></html>";
    }

    public function renderParts(array $parts): string
    {
        return implode("\n", $parts);
    }
}

/**
 * This Concrete Implementation renders a web page as JSON strings.
 */
class JsonRenderer implements Renderer
{
    public function renderTitle(string $title): string
    {
        return '"title": "' . $title . '"';
    }

    public function renderTextBlock(string $text): string
    {
        return '"text": "' . $text . '"';
    }

    public function renderImage(string $url): string
    {
        return '"img": "' . $url . '"';
    }

    public function renderLink(string $url, string $title): string
    {
        return '"link": {"href": "' . $url . '", "title": "' . $title . '"}';
    }

    public function renderHeader(): string
    {
        return '';
    }

    public function renderFooter(): string
    {
        return '';
    }

    public function renderParts(array $parts): string
    {
        return "{\n" . implode(",\n", array_filter($parts)) . "\n}";
    }
}

/**
 * The client code usually deals only with the Abstraction objects.
 */
function clientCode(Page $page)
{
    // ...

    echo $page->view();

    // ...
}

/**
 * The client code can be executed with any pre-configured combination of the
 * Abstraction+Implementation.
 */
$HTMLRenderer = new HTMLRenderer();
$JSONRenderer = new JsonRenderer();

$page = new SimplePage($HTMLRenderer, "Home", "Welcome to our website!");
echo "HTML view of a simple content page:\n";
clientCode($page);
echo "\n\n";

/**
 * The Abstraction can change the linked Implementation at runtime if needed.
 */
$page->changeRenderer($JSONRenderer);
echo "JSON view of a simple content page, rendered with the same client code:\n";
clientCode($page);
echo "\n\n";


$product = new Product("123", "Star Wars, episode1",
    "A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away...",
    "/images/star-wars.jpeg", 39.95);

$page = new ProductPage($HTMLRenderer, $product);
echo "HTML view of a product page, same client code:\n";
clientCode($page);
echo "\n\n";

$page->changeRenderer($JSONRenderer);
echo "JSON view of a simple content page, with the same client code:\n";
clientCode($page);

Output.txt: 실행 결과

HTML view of a simple content page:
<html><body>
<h1>Home</h1>
<div class='text'>Welcome to our website!</div>
</body></html>

JSON view of a simple content page, rendered with the same client code:
{
"title": "Home",
"text": "Welcome to our website!"
}

HTML view of a product page, same client code:
<html><body>
<h1>Star Wars, episode1</h1>
<div class='text'>A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away...</div>
<img src='/images/star-wars.jpeg'>
<a href='/cart/add/123'>Add to cart</a>
</body></html>

JSON view of a simple content page, with the same client code:
{
"title": "Star Wars, episode1",
"text": "A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away...",
"img": "/images/star-wars.jpeg",
"link": {"href": "/cart/add/123", "title": "Add to cart"}
}