Template Method em Ruby

O Template Method é um padrão de projeto comportamental que permite definir o esqueleto de um algoritmo em uma classe base e permitir que as subclasses substituam as etapas sem alterar a estrutura geral do algoritmo.

Saiba mais sobre o Template Method

Complexidade:

Popularidade:

Exemplos de uso: O padrão Template Method é bastante comum nos frameworks Ruby. Os desenvolvedores costumam usá-lo para fornecer aos usuários do framework um meio simples de estender a funcionalidade padrão usando herança.

Identificação: O Template Method pode ser reconhecido por métodos comportamentais que já possuem um comportamento “padrão” definido pela classe base.

Exemplo conceitual

Este exemplo ilustra a estrutura do padrão de projeto Template Method. Ele se concentra em responder a estas perguntas:

De quais classes ele consiste?
Quais papéis essas classes desempenham?
De que maneira os elementos do padrão estão relacionados?

main.rb: Exemplo conceitual

# The Abstract Class defines a template method that contains a skeleton of some
# algorithm, composed of calls to (usually) abstract primitive operations.
#
# Concrete subclasses should implement these operations, but leave the template
# method itself intact.
class AbstractClass
  # The template method defines the skeleton of an algorithm.
  def template_method
    base_operation1
    required_operations1
    base_operation2
    hook1
    required_operations2
    base_operation3
    hook2
  end

  # These operations already have implementations.

  def base_operation1
    puts 'AbstractClass says: I am doing the bulk of the work'
  end

  def base_operation2
    puts 'AbstractClass says: But I let subclasses override some operations'
  end

  def base_operation3
    puts 'AbstractClass says: But I am doing the bulk of the work anyway'
  end

  # These operations have to be implemented in subclasses.
  def required_operations1
    raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} has not implemented method '#{__method__}'"
  end

  # @abstract
  def required_operations2
    raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} has not implemented method '#{__method__}'"
  end

  # These are "hooks." Subclasses may override them, but it's not mandatory
  # since the hooks already have default (but empty) implementation. Hooks
  # provide additional extension points in some crucial places of the algorithm.

  def hook1; end

  def hook2; end
end

# Concrete classes have to implement all abstract operations of the base class.
# They can also override some operations with a default implementation.
class ConcreteClass1 < AbstractClass
  def required_operations1
    puts 'ConcreteClass1 says: Implemented Operation1'
  end

  def required_operations2
    puts 'ConcreteClass1 says: Implemented Operation2'
  end
end

# Usually, concrete classes override only a fraction of base class' operations.
class ConcreteClass2 < AbstractClass
  def required_operations1
    puts 'ConcreteClass2 says: Implemented Operation1'
  end

  def required_operations2
    puts 'ConcreteClass2 says: Implemented Operation2'
  end

  def hook1
    puts 'ConcreteClass2 says: Overridden Hook1'
  end
end

# The client code calls the template method to execute the algorithm. Client
# code does not have to know the concrete class of an object it works with, as
# long as it works with objects through the interface of their base class.
def client_code(abstract_class)
  # ...
  abstract_class.template_method
  # ...
end

puts 'Same client code can work with different subclasses:'
client_code(ConcreteClass1.new)
puts "\n"

puts 'Same client code can work with different subclasses:'
client_code(ConcreteClass2.new)

output.txt: Resultados da execução

Same client code can work with different subclasses:
AbstractClass says: I am doing the bulk of the work
ConcreteClass1 says: Implemented Operation1
AbstractClass says: But I let subclasses override some operations
ConcreteClass1 says: Implemented Operation2
AbstractClass says: But I am doing the bulk of the work anyway

Same client code can work with different subclasses:
AbstractClass says: I am doing the bulk of the work
ConcreteClass2 says: Implemented Operation1
AbstractClass says: But I let subclasses override some operations
ConcreteClass2 says: Overridden Hook1
ConcreteClass2 says: Implemented Operation2
AbstractClass says: But I am doing the bulk of the work anyway

Template Method em Ruby

Exemplo conceitual

main.rb: Exemplo conceitual

output.txt: Resultados da execução

Template Method em outras linguagens