Chain of Responsibility を Swift で

Chain of Responsibility は、振る舞いに関するデザインパターンの一つで、潜在的なハンドラーの連鎖の上を、ハンドラーのどれかが処理するまで、リクエストを回していきます。

このパターンを利用すると、送り手のクラスと受け手の具象クラスとを結合することなく、複数のオブジェクトにリクエストを処理する機会を与えることができます。連鎖は実行時に、標準のハンドラー・インターフェースに従うハンドラーから動的に構成されます。

Chain of Responsibility の詳細

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使用例： Chain of Responsibility パターンは、 Swift ではよく見かけます。フィルターやイベント・チェーンのようなオブジェクトの連鎖を対象に動作するコードを書く時に、最も役に立ちます。

見つけ方： 共通のインターフェースに従うオブジェクトのグループで、実作業を行うメソッドが、別のオブジェクトの同一メソッドを呼ぶことから、このパターンを識別できます。

以下の例は Swift Playgroundsで利用できます。

Playgroundバージョンを作成してくれた Alejandro Mohamadに感謝します。

概念的な例

この例は、 Chain of Responsibility デザインパターンの構造を説明するためのものです。以下の質問に答えることを目的としています：

どういうクラスからできているか？
それぞれのクラスの役割は？
パターンの要素同士はどう関係しているのか？

ここでパターンの構造を学んだ後だと、これに続く、現実世界の Swift でのユースケースが理解しやすくなります。

Example.swift: 概念的な例

import XCTest

/// The Handler interface declares a method for building the chain of handlers.
/// It also declares a method for executing a request.
protocol Handler: AnyObject {

    @discardableResult
    func setNext(handler: Handler) -> Handler

    func handle(request: String) -> String?

    var nextHandler: Handler? { get set }
}

extension Handler {

    func setNext(handler: Handler) -> Handler {
        self.nextHandler = handler

        /// Returning a handler from here will let us link handlers in a
        /// convenient way like this:
        /// monkey.setNext(handler: squirrel).setNext(handler: dog)
        return handler
    }

    func handle(request: String) -> String? {
        return nextHandler?.handle(request: request)
    }
}

/// All Concrete Handlers either handle a request or pass it to the next handler
/// in the chain.
class MonkeyHandler: Handler {

    var nextHandler: Handler?

    func handle(request: String) -> String? {
        if (request == "Banana") {
            return "Monkey: I'll eat the " + request + ".\n"
        } else {
            return nextHandler?.handle(request: request)
        }
    }
}

class SquirrelHandler: Handler {

    var nextHandler: Handler?

    func handle(request: String) -> String? {

        if (request == "Nut") {
            return "Squirrel: I'll eat the " + request + ".\n"
        } else {
            return nextHandler?.handle(request: request)
        }
    }
}

class DogHandler: Handler {

    var nextHandler: Handler?

    func handle(request: String) -> String? {
        if (request == "MeatBall") {
            return "Dog: I'll eat the " + request + ".\n"
        } else {
            return nextHandler?.handle(request: request)
        }
    }
}

/// The client code is usually suited to work with a single handler. In most
/// cases, it is not even aware that the handler is part of a chain.
class Client {
    // ...
    static func someClientCode(handler: Handler) {

        let food = ["Nut", "Banana", "Cup of coffee"]

        for item in food {

            print("Client: Who wants a " + item + "?\n")

            guard let result = handler.handle(request: item) else {
                print("  " + item + " was left untouched.\n")
                return
            }

            print("  " + result)
        }
    }
    // ...
}

/// Let's see how it all works together.
class ChainOfResponsibilityConceptual: XCTestCase {
 
    func test() {

        /// The other part of the client code constructs the actual chain.

        let monkey = MonkeyHandler()
        let squirrel = SquirrelHandler()
        let dog = DogHandler()
        monkey.setNext(handler: squirrel).setNext(handler: dog)

        /// The client should be able to send a request to any handler, not just
        /// the first one in the chain.

        print("Chain: Monkey > Squirrel > Dog\n\n")
        Client.someClientCode(handler: monkey)
        print()
        print("Subchain: Squirrel > Dog\n\n")
        Client.someClientCode(handler: squirrel)
    }
}

Output.txt: 実行結果

Chain: Monkey > Squirrel > Dog


Client: Who wants a Nut?

Squirrel: I'll eat the Nut.

Client: Who wants a Banana?

Monkey: I'll eat the Banana.

Client: Who wants a Cup of coffee?

Cup of coffee was left untouched.


Subchain: Squirrel > Dog


Client: Who wants a Nut?

Squirrel: I'll eat the Nut.

Client: Who wants a Banana?

Banana was left untouched.

現実的な例

Example.swift: 現実的な例

import Foundation
import UIKit
import XCTest


protocol Handler {

    var next: Handler? { get }

    func handle(_ request: Request) -> LocalizedError?
}

class BaseHandler: Handler {

    var next: Handler?

    init(with handler: Handler? = nil) {
        self.next = handler
    }

    func handle(_ request: Request) -> LocalizedError? {
        return next?.handle(request)
    }
}

class LoginHandler: BaseHandler {

    override func handle(_ request: Request) -> LocalizedError? {

        guard request.email?.isEmpty == false else {
            return AuthError.emptyEmail
        }

        guard request.password?.isEmpty == false else {
            return AuthError.emptyPassword
        }

        return next?.handle(request)
    }
}

class SignUpHandler: BaseHandler {

    private struct Limit {
        static let passwordLength = 8
    }

    override func handle(_ request: Request) -> LocalizedError? {

        guard request.email?.contains("@") == true else {
            return AuthError.invalidEmail
        }

        guard (request.password?.count ?? 0) >= Limit.passwordLength else {
            return AuthError.invalidPassword
        }

        guard request.password == request.repeatedPassword else {
            return AuthError.differentPasswords
        }

        return next?.handle(request)
    }
}

class LocationHandler: BaseHandler {

    override func handle(_ request: Request) -> LocalizedError? {
        guard isLocationEnabled() else {
            return AuthError.locationDisabled
        }
        return next?.handle(request)
    }

    func isLocationEnabled() -> Bool {
        return true /// Calls special method
    }
}

class NotificationHandler: BaseHandler {

    override func handle(_ request: Request) -> LocalizedError? {
        guard isNotificationsEnabled() else {
            return AuthError.notificationsDisabled
        }
        return next?.handle(request)
    }

    func isNotificationsEnabled() -> Bool {
        return false /// Calls special method
    }
}

enum AuthError: LocalizedError {

    case emptyFirstName
    case emptyLastName

    case emptyEmail
    case emptyPassword

    case invalidEmail
    case invalidPassword
    case differentPasswords

    case locationDisabled
    case notificationsDisabled

    var errorDescription: String? {
        switch self {
        case .emptyFirstName:
            return "First name is empty"
        case .emptyLastName:
            return "Last name is empty"
        case .emptyEmail:
            return "Email is empty"
        case .emptyPassword:
            return "Password is empty"
        case .invalidEmail:
            return "Email is invalid"
        case .invalidPassword:
            return "Password is invalid"
        case .differentPasswords:
            return "Password and repeated password should be equal"
        case .locationDisabled:
            return "Please turn location services on"
        case .notificationsDisabled:
            return "Please turn notifications on"
        }
    }
}


protocol Request {

    var firstName: String? { get }
    var lastName: String? { get }

    var email: String? { get }
    var password: String? { get }
    var repeatedPassword: String? { get }
}

extension Request {

    /// Default implementations

    var firstName: String? { return nil }
    var lastName: String? { return nil }

    var email: String? { return nil }
    var password: String? { return nil }
    var repeatedPassword: String? { return nil }
}

struct SignUpRequest: Request {

    var firstName: String?
    var lastName: String?

    var email: String?
    var password: String?
    var repeatedPassword: String?
}

struct LoginRequest: Request {

    var email: String?
    var password: String?
}



protocol AuthHandlerSupportable: AnyObject {

    var handler: Handler? { get set }
}

class BaseAuthViewController: UIViewController, AuthHandlerSupportable {

    /// Base class or extensions can be used to implement a base behavior
    var handler: Handler?

    init(handler: Handler) {
        self.handler = handler
        super.init(nibName: nil, bundle: nil)
    }

    required init?(coder aDecoder: NSCoder) {
        super.init(coder: aDecoder)
    }
}

class LoginViewController: BaseAuthViewController {

    func loginButtonSelected() {
        print("Login View Controller: User selected Login button")

        let request = LoginRequest(email: "smth@gmail.com", password: "123HardPass")

        if let error = handler?.handle(request) {
            print("Login View Controller: something went wrong")
            print("Login View Controller: Error -> " + (error.errorDescription ?? ""))
        } else {
            print("Login View Controller: Preconditions are successfully validated")
        }
    }
}

class SignUpViewController: BaseAuthViewController {

    func signUpButtonSelected() {
        print("SignUp View Controller: User selected SignUp button")

        let request = SignUpRequest(firstName: "Vasya",
                                    lastName: "Pupkin",
                                    email: "vasya.pupkin@gmail.com",
                                    password: "123HardPass",
                                    repeatedPassword: "123HardPass")

        if let error = handler?.handle(request) {
            print("SignUp View Controller: something went wrong")
            print("SignUp View Controller: Error -> " + (error.errorDescription ?? ""))
        } else {
            print("SignUp View Controller: Preconditions are successfully validated")
        }
    }
}



class ChainOfResponsibilityRealWorld: XCTestCase {

    func testChainOfResponsibilityRealWorld() {

        print("Client: Let's test Login flow!")

        let loginHandler = LoginHandler(with: LocationHandler())
        let loginController = LoginViewController(handler: loginHandler)

        loginController.loginButtonSelected()

        print("\nClient: Let's test SignUp flow!")

        let signUpHandler = SignUpHandler(with: LocationHandler(with: NotificationHandler()))
        let signUpController = SignUpViewController(handler: signUpHandler)

        signUpController.signUpButtonSelected()
    }
}

Output.txt: 実行結果

Client: Let's test Login flow!
Login View Controller: User selected Login button
Login View Controller: Preconditions are successfully validated

Client: Let's test SignUp flow!
SignUp View Controller: User selected SignUp button
SignUp View Controller: something went wrong
SignUp View Controller: Error -> Please turn notifications on