Command を Swift で

Command は、振る舞いに関するデザインパターンの一つで、リクエストや簡単な操作をオブジェクトに変換します。

変換により、コマンドの遅延実行や遠隔実行を可能にしたり、コマンドの履歴の保存を可能にしたりできます。

複雑度：

人気度：

使用例： Command パターンは、 Swift コードではよく見かけます。最もよく使われるのは、 UI 要素をアクションでパラメーター化する時のコールバックの代わりとしてです。また、タスクをキューに入れたり、操作履歴の管理などでも使われます。

見つけ方： Command パターンは、抽象またはインターフェース型（送り手）中の行動的メソッド（複数）が違う抽象またはインターフェース型（受け手）中のある一つのメソッドを起動することから識別できます。受け手は、生成時にコマンドの実装によりカプセル化されています。コマンドのクラスは通常特定のアクションに限定されています。

以下の例は Swift Playgroundsで利用できます。

Playgroundバージョンを作成してくれた Alejandro Mohamadに感謝します。

概念的な例

この例は、 Command デザインパターンの構造を説明するためのものです。以下の質問に答えることを目的としています：

どういうクラスからできているか？
それぞれのクラスの役割は？
パターンの要素同士はどう関係しているのか？

ここでパターンの構造を学んだ後だと、これに続く、現実世界の Swift でのユースケースが理解しやすくなります。

Example.swift: 概念的な例

import XCTest

/// The Command interface declares a method for executing a command.
protocol Command {

    func execute()
}

/// Some commands can implement simple operations on their own.
class SimpleCommand: Command {

    private var payload: String

    init(_ payload: String) {
        self.payload = payload
    }

    func execute() {
        print("SimpleCommand: See, I can do simple things like printing (" + payload + ")")
    }
}

/// However, some commands can delegate more complex operations to other
/// objects, called "receivers."
class ComplexCommand: Command {

    private var receiver: Receiver

    /// Context data, required for launching the receiver's methods.
    private var a: String
    private var b: String

    /// Complex commands can accept one or several receiver objects along with
    /// any context data via the constructor.
    init(_ receiver: Receiver, _ a: String, _ b: String) {
        self.receiver = receiver
        self.a = a
        self.b = b
    }

    /// Commands can delegate to any methods of a receiver.
    func execute() {
        print("ComplexCommand: Complex stuff should be done by a receiver object.\n")
        receiver.doSomething(a)
        receiver.doSomethingElse(b)
    }
}

/// The Receiver classes contain some important business logic. They know how to
/// perform all kinds of operations, associated with carrying out a request. In
/// fact, any class may serve as a Receiver.
class Receiver {

    func doSomething(_ a: String) {
        print("Receiver: Working on (" + a + ")\n")
    }

    func doSomethingElse(_ b: String) {
        print("Receiver: Also working on (" + b + ")\n")
    }
}

/// The Invoker is associated with one or several commands. It sends a request
/// to the command.
class Invoker {

    private var onStart: Command?

    private var onFinish: Command?

    /// Initialize commands.
    func setOnStart(_ command: Command) {
        onStart = command
    }

    func setOnFinish(_ command: Command) {
        onFinish = command
    }

    /// The Invoker does not depend on concrete command or receiver classes. The
    /// Invoker passes a request to a receiver indirectly, by executing a
    /// command.
    func doSomethingImportant() {

        print("Invoker: Does anybody want something done before I begin?")

        onStart?.execute()

        print("Invoker: ...doing something really important...")
        print("Invoker: Does anybody want something done after I finish?")

        onFinish?.execute()
    }
}

/// Let's see how it all comes together.
class CommandConceptual: XCTestCase {

    func test() {
        /// The client code can parameterize an invoker with any commands.

        let invoker = Invoker()
        invoker.setOnStart(SimpleCommand("Say Hi!"))

        let receiver = Receiver()
        invoker.setOnFinish(ComplexCommand(receiver, "Send email", "Save report"))
        invoker.doSomethingImportant()
    }
}

Output.txt: 実行結果

Invoker: Does anybody want something done before I begin?
SimpleCommand: See, I can do simple things like printing (Say Hi!)
Invoker: ...doing something really important...
Invoker: Does anybody want something done after I finish?
ComplexCommand: Complex stuff should be done by a receiver object.

Receiver: Working on (Send email)

Receiver: Also working on (Save report)

現実的な例

Example.swift: 現実的な例

import Foundation
import XCTest


class DelayedOperation: Operation {

    private var delay: TimeInterval

    init(_ delay: TimeInterval = 0) {
        self.delay = delay
    }

    override var isExecuting : Bool {
        get { return _executing }
        set {
            willChangeValue(forKey: "isExecuting")
            _executing = newValue
            didChangeValue(forKey: "isExecuting")
        }
    }
    private var _executing : Bool = false

    override var isFinished : Bool {
        get { return _finished }
        set {
            willChangeValue(forKey: "isFinished")
            _finished = newValue
            didChangeValue(forKey: "isFinished")
        }
    }
    private var _finished : Bool = false

    override func start() {

        guard delay > 0 else {
            _start()
            return
        }

        let deadline = DispatchTime.now() + delay
        DispatchQueue(label: "").asyncAfter(deadline: deadline) {
            self._start()
        }
    }

    private func _start() {

        guard !self.isCancelled else {
            print("\(self): operation is canceled")
            self.isFinished = true
            return
        }

        self.isExecuting = true
        self.main()
        self.isExecuting = false
        self.isFinished = true
    }
}

class WindowOperation: DelayedOperation {

    override func main() {
        print("\(self): Windows are closed via HomeKit.")
    }

    override var description: String { return "WindowOperation" }
}

class DoorOperation: DelayedOperation {

    override func main() {
        print("\(self): Doors are closed via HomeKit.")
    }

    override var description: String { return "DoorOperation" }
}

class TaxiOperation: DelayedOperation {

    override func main() {
        print("\(self): Taxi is ordered via Uber")
    }

    override var description: String { return "TaxiOperation" }
}



class CommandRealWorld: XCTestCase {

    func testCommandRealWorld() {
        prepareTestEnvironment {

            let siri = SiriShortcuts.shared

            print("User: Hey Siri, I am leaving my home")
            siri.perform(.leaveHome)

            print("User: Hey Siri, I am leaving my work in 3 minutes")
            siri.perform(.leaveWork, delay: 3) /// for simplicity, we use seconds

            print("User: Hey Siri, I am still working")
            siri.cancel(.leaveWork)
        }
    }
}

extension CommandRealWorld {

    struct ExecutionTime {
        static let max: TimeInterval = 5
        static let waiting: TimeInterval = 4
    }

    func prepareTestEnvironment(_ execution: () -> ()) {

        /// This method tells Xcode to wait for async operations. Otherwise the
        /// main test is done immediately.

        let expectation = self.expectation(description: "Expectation for async operations")

        let deadline = DispatchTime.now() + ExecutionTime.waiting
        DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: deadline) { expectation.fulfill() }

        execution()

        wait(for: [expectation], timeout: ExecutionTime.max)
    }
}

class SiriShortcuts {

    static let shared = SiriShortcuts()
    private lazy var queue = OperationQueue()

    private init() {}

    enum Action: String {
        case leaveHome
        case leaveWork
    }

    func perform(_ action: Action, delay: TimeInterval = 0) {
        print("Siri: performing \(action)-action\n")
        switch action {
        case .leaveHome:
            add(operation: WindowOperation(delay))
            add(operation: DoorOperation(delay))
        case .leaveWork:
            add(operation: TaxiOperation(delay))
        }
    }

    func cancel(_ action: Action) {
        print("Siri: canceling \(action)-action\n")
        switch action {
        case .leaveHome:
            cancelOperation(with: WindowOperation.self)
            cancelOperation(with: DoorOperation.self)
        case .leaveWork:
            cancelOperation(with: TaxiOperation.self)
        }
    }

    private func cancelOperation(with operationType: Operation.Type) {
        queue.operations.filter { operation in
            return type(of: operation) == operationType
        }.forEach({ $0.cancel() })
    }

    private func add(operation: Operation) {
        queue.addOperation(operation)
    }
}

Output.txt: 実行結果

User: Hey Siri, I am leaving my home
Siri: performing leaveHome-action

User: Hey Siri, I am leaving my work in 3 minutes
Siri: performing leaveWork-action

User: Hey Siri, I am still working
Siri: canceling leaveWork-action

DoorOperation: Doors are closed via HomeKit.
WindowOperation: Windows are closed via HomeKit.
TaxiOperation: operation is canceled