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Command

Command を Ruby で

Command 振る舞いに関するデザインパターンの一つで リクエストや簡単な操作をオブジェクトに変換します

変換により コマンドの遅延実行や遠隔実行を可能にしたり コマンドの履歴の保存を可能にしたりできます

複雑度

人気度

使用例 Command パターンは Ruby コードではよく見かけます 最もよく使われるのは UI 要素をアクションでパラメーター化する時のコールバックの代わりとしてです また タスクをキューに入れたり 操作履歴の管理などでも使われます

見つけ方 Command パターンは 抽象またはインターフェース型 送り手 中の行動的メソッド 複数 が違う抽象またはインターフェース型 受け手 中のある一つのメソッドを起動することから識別できます 受け手は 生成時にコマンドの実装によりカプセル化されています コマンドのクラスは通常特定のアクションに限定されています

概念的な例

この例は Command デザインパターンの構造を説明するためのものです 以下の質問に答えることを目的としています

  • どういうクラスからできているか
  • それぞれのクラスの役割は
  • パターンの要素同士はどう関係しているのか

main.rb: 概念的な例

# The Command interface declares a method for executing a command.
class Command
  # @abstract
  def execute
    raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} has not implemented method '#{__method__}'"
  end
end

# Some commands can implement simple operations on their own.
class SimpleCommand < Command
  # @param [String] payload
  def initialize(payload)
    @payload = payload
  end

  def execute
    puts "SimpleCommand: See, I can do simple things like printing (#{@payload})"
  end
end

# However, some commands can delegate more complex operations to other objects,
# called "receivers".
class ComplexCommand < Command
  # Complex commands can accept one or several receiver objects along with any
  # context data via the constructor.
  def initialize(receiver, a, b)
    @receiver = receiver
    @a = a
    @b = b
  end

  # Commands can delegate to any methods of a receiver.
  def execute
    print 'ComplexCommand: Complex stuff should be done by a receiver object'
    @receiver.do_something(@a)
    @receiver.do_something_else(@b)
  end
end

# The Receiver classes contain some important business logic. They know how to
# perform all kinds of operations, associated with carrying out a request. In
# fact, any class may serve as a Receiver.
class Receiver
  # @param [String] a
  def do_something(a)
    print "\nReceiver: Working on (#{a}.)"
  end

  # @param [String] b
  def do_something_else(b)
    print "\nReceiver: Also working on (#{b}.)"
  end
end

# The Invoker is associated with one or several commands. It sends a request to
# the command.
class Invoker
  # Initialize commands.

  # @param [Command] command
  def on_start=(command)
    @on_start = command
  end

  # @param [Command] command
  def on_finish=(command)
    @on_finish = command
  end

  # The Invoker does not depend on concrete command or receiver classes. The
  # Invoker passes a request to a receiver indirectly, by executing a command.
  def do_something_important
    puts 'Invoker: Does anybody want something done before I begin?'
    @on_start.execute if @on_start.is_a? Command

    puts 'Invoker: ...doing something really important...'

    puts 'Invoker: Does anybody want something done after I finish?'
    @on_finish.execute if @on_finish.is_a? Command
  end
end

# The client code can parameterize an invoker with any commands.
invoker = Invoker.new
invoker.on_start = SimpleCommand.new('Say Hi!')
receiver = Receiver.new
invoker.on_finish = ComplexCommand.new(receiver, 'Send email', 'Save report')

invoker.do_something_important

output.txt: 実行結果

Invoker: Does anybody want something done before I begin?
SimpleCommand: See, I can do simple things like printing (Say Hi!)
Invoker: ...doing something really important...
Invoker: Does anybody want something done after I finish?
ComplexCommand: Complex stuff should be done by a receiver object
Receiver: Working on (Send email.)
Receiver: Also working on (Save report.)

他言語での Command

Command を C# で Command を C++ で Command を Go で Command を Java で Command を PHP で Command を Python で Command を Rust で Command を Swift で Command を TypeScript で