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Chain of Responsibility

Chain of Responsibility em Ruby

O Chain of Responsibility é um padrão de projeto comportamental que permite passar a solicitação ao longo da cadeia de handlers em potencial até que um deles lide com a solicitação.

O padrão permite que vários objetos tratem a solicitação sem acoplar a classe remetente às classes concretas dos destinatários. A cadeia pode ser composta dinamicamente em tempo de execução com qualquer handler que siga uma interface de handler padrão.

Complexidade:

Popularidade:

Exemplos de uso: O padrão Chain of Responsibility não é um padrão frequente em um programa Ruby, pois é relevante apenas quando o código opera com cadeias de objetos.

Identificação: O padrão é reconhecível pelos métodos comportamentais de um grupo de objetos que indiretamente chamam os mesmos métodos em outros objetos, enquanto todos os objetos seguem a interface comum.

Exemplo conceitual

Este exemplo ilustra a estrutura do padrão de projeto Chain of Responsibility. Ele se concentra em responder a estas perguntas:

  • De quais classes ele consiste?
  • Quais papéis essas classes desempenham?
  • De que maneira os elementos do padrão estão relacionados?

main.rb: Exemplo conceitual

# The Handler interface declares a method for building the chain of handlers. It
# also declares a method for executing a request.
class Handler
  # @abstract
  #
  # @param [Handler] handler
  def next_handler=(handler)
    raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} has not implemented method '#{__method__}'"
  end

  # @abstract
  #
  # @param [String] request
  #
  # @return [String, nil]
  def handle(request)
    raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} has not implemented method '#{__method__}'"
  end
end

# The default chaining behavior can be implemented inside a base handler class.
class AbstractHandler < Handler
  # @return [Handler]
  attr_writer :next_handler

  # @param [Handler] handler
  #
  # @return [Handler]
  def next_handler(handler)
    @next_handler = handler
    # Returning a handler from here will let us link handlers in a convenient
    # way like this:
    # monkey.next_handler(squirrel).next_handler(dog)
    handler
  end

  # @abstract
  #
  # @param [String] request
  #
  # @return [String, nil]
  def handle(request)
    return @next_handler.handle(request) if @next_handler

    nil
  end
end

# All Concrete Handlers either handle a request or pass it to the next handler
# in the chain.
class MonkeyHandler < AbstractHandler
  # @param [String] request
  #
  # @return [String, nil]
  def handle(request)
    if request == 'Banana'
      "Monkey: I'll eat the #{request}"
    else
      super(request)
    end
  end
end

class SquirrelHandler < AbstractHandler
  # @param [String] request
  #
  # @return [String, nil]
  def handle(request)
    if request == 'Nut'
      "Squirrel: I'll eat the #{request}"
    else
      super(request)
    end
  end
end

class DogHandler < AbstractHandler
  # @param [String] request
  #
  # @return [String, nil]
  def handle(request)
    if request == 'MeatBall'
      "Dog: I'll eat the #{request}"
    else
      super(request)
    end
  end
end

# The client code is usually suited to work with a single handler. In most
# cases, it is not even aware that the handler is part of a chain.
def client_code(handler)
  ['Nut', 'Banana', 'Cup of coffee'].each do |food|
    puts "\nClient: Who wants a #{food}?"
    result = handler.handle(food)
    if result
      print "  #{result}"
    else
      print "  #{food} was left untouched."
    end
  end
end

monkey = MonkeyHandler.new
squirrel = SquirrelHandler.new
dog = DogHandler.new

monkey.next_handler(squirrel).next_handler(dog)

# The client should be able to send a request to any handler, not just the first
# one in the chain.
puts 'Chain: Monkey > Squirrel > Dog'
client_code(monkey)
puts "\n\n"

puts 'Subchain: Squirrel > Dog'
client_code(squirrel)

output.txt: Resultados da execução

Chain: Monkey > Squirrel > Dog

Client: Who wants a Nut?
  Squirrel: I'll eat the Nut
Client: Who wants a Banana?
  Monkey: I'll eat the Banana
Client: Who wants a Cup of coffee?
  Cup of coffee was left untouched.

Subchain: Squirrel > Dog

Client: Who wants a Nut?
  Squirrel: I'll eat the Nut
Client: Who wants a Banana?
  Banana was left untouched.
Client: Who wants a Cup of coffee?
  Cup of coffee was left untouched.

Chain of Responsibility em outras linguagens

Chain of Responsibility em C# Chain of Responsibility em C++ Chain of Responsibility em Go Chain of Responsibility em Java Chain of Responsibility em PHP Chain of Responsibility em Python Chain of Responsibility em Rust Chain of Responsibility em Swift Chain of Responsibility em TypeScript