Decorator em Python
O Decorator é um padrão estrutural que permite adicionar novos comportamentos aos objetos dinamicamente, colocando-os dentro de objetos wrapper especiais.
Usando decoradores, você pode agrupar objetos inúmeras vezes, pois os objetos de destino e os decoradores seguem a mesma interface. O objeto resultante terá um comportamento de empilhamento de todos os wrappers.
Complexidade:
Popularidade:
Exemplos de uso: O Decorator é bastante padrão no código Python, especialmente nos códigos relacionados a fluxos.
Identificação: O Decorator pode ser reconhecido por métodos de criação ou construtores que aceitam objetos da mesma classe ou interface que uma classe atual.
Exemplo conceitual
Este exemplo ilustra a estrutura do padrão de projeto Decorator. Ele se concentra em responder a estas perguntas:
- De quais classes ele consiste?
- Quais papéis essas classes desempenham?
- De que maneira os elementos do padrão estão relacionados?
main.py: Exemplo conceitual
class Component():
"""
The base Component interface defines operations that can be altered by
decorators.
"""
def operation(self) -> str:
pass
class ConcreteComponent(Component):
"""
Concrete Components provide default implementations of the operations. There
might be several variations of these classes.
"""
def operation(self) -> str:
return "ConcreteComponent"
class Decorator(Component):
"""
The base Decorator class follows the same interface as the other components.
The primary purpose of this class is to define the wrapping interface for
all concrete decorators. The default implementation of the wrapping code
might include a field for storing a wrapped component and the means to
initialize it.
"""
_component: Component = None
def __init__(self, component: Component) -> None:
self._component = component
@property
def component(self) -> Component:
"""
The Decorator delegates all work to the wrapped component.
"""
return self._component
def operation(self) -> str:
return self._component.operation()
class ConcreteDecoratorA(Decorator):
"""
Concrete Decorators call the wrapped object and alter its result in some
way.
"""
def operation(self) -> str:
"""
Decorators may call parent implementation of the operation, instead of
calling the wrapped object directly. This approach simplifies extension
of decorator classes.
"""
return f"ConcreteDecoratorA({self.component.operation()})"
class ConcreteDecoratorB(Decorator):
"""
Decorators can execute their behavior either before or after the call to a
wrapped object.
"""
def operation(self) -> str:
return f"ConcreteDecoratorB({self.component.operation()})"
def client_code(component: Component) -> None:
"""
The client code works with all objects using the Component interface. This
way it can stay independent of the concrete classes of components it works
with.
"""
# ...
print(f"RESULT: {component.operation()}", end="")
# ...
if __name__ == "__main__":
# This way the client code can support both simple components...
simple = ConcreteComponent()
print("Client: I've got a simple component:")
client_code(simple)
print("\n")
# ...as well as decorated ones.
#
# Note how decorators can wrap not only simple components but the other
# decorators as well.
decorator1 = ConcreteDecoratorA(simple)
decorator2 = ConcreteDecoratorB(decorator1)
print("Client: Now I've got a decorated component:")
client_code(decorator2)
Output.txt: Resultados da execução
Client: I've got a simple component:
RESULT: ConcreteComponent
Client: Now I've got a decorated component:
RESULT: ConcreteDecoratorB(ConcreteDecoratorA(ConcreteComponent))
