O Observer é um padrão de projeto comportamental que permite que um objeto notifique outros objetos sobre alterações em seu estado.
O padrão Observer fornece uma maneira de assinar e cancelar a assinatura desses eventos para qualquer objeto que implemente uma interface de assinante.
Complexidade:
Popularidade:
Exemplos de uso: O padrão Observer é bastante comum no código C#, especialmente nos componentes da interface de usuário. Ele fornece uma maneira de reagir a eventos que acontecem em outros objetos sem acoplamento às suas classes.
Identificação: O padrão pode ser reconhecido por métodos de assinatura, que armazenam objetos em uma lista e por chamadas para o método de atualização emitido para objetos nessa lista.
Exemplo conceitual
Este exemplo ilustra a estrutura do padrão de projeto Observer . Ele se concentra em responder a estas perguntas:
De quais classes ele consiste?
Quais papéis essas classes desempenham?
De que maneira os elementos do padrão estão relacionados?
Program.cs: Exemplo conceitual
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading;
namespace RefactoringGuru.DesignPatterns.Observer.Conceptual
{
public interface IObserver
{
// Receive update from subject
void Update(ISubject subject);
}
public interface ISubject
{
// Attach an observer to the subject.
void Attach(IObserver observer);
// Detach an observer from the subject.
void Detach(IObserver observer);
// Notify all observers about an event.
void Notify();
}
// The Subject owns some important state and notifies observers when the
// state changes.
public class Subject : ISubject
{
// For the sake of simplicity, the Subject's state, essential to all
// subscribers, is stored in this variable.
public int State { get; set; } = -0;
// List of subscribers. In real life, the list of subscribers can be
// stored more comprehensively (categorized by event type, etc.).
private List<IObserver> _observers = new List<IObserver>();
// The subscription management methods.
public void Attach(IObserver observer)
{
Console.WriteLine("Subject: Attached an observer.");
this._observers.Add(observer);
}
public void Detach(IObserver observer)
{
this._observers.Remove(observer);
Console.WriteLine("Subject: Detached an observer.");
}
// Trigger an update in each subscriber.
public void Notify()
{
Console.WriteLine("Subject: Notifying observers...");
foreach (var observer in _observers)
{
observer.Update(this);
}
}
// Usually, the subscription logic is only a fraction of what a Subject
// can really do. Subjects commonly hold some important business logic,
// that triggers a notification method whenever something important is
// about to happen (or after it).
public void SomeBusinessLogic()
{
Console.WriteLine("\nSubject: I'm doing something important.");
this.State = new Random().Next(0, 10);
Thread.Sleep(15);
Console.WriteLine("Subject: My state has just changed to: " + this.State);
this.Notify();
}
}
// Concrete Observers react to the updates issued by the Subject they had
// been attached to.
class ConcreteObserverA : IObserver
{
public void Update(ISubject subject)
{
if ((subject as Subject).State < 3)
{
Console.WriteLine("ConcreteObserverA: Reacted to the event.");
}
}
}
class ConcreteObserverB : IObserver
{
public void Update(ISubject subject)
{
if ((subject as Subject).State == 0 || (subject as Subject).State >= 2)
{
Console.WriteLine("ConcreteObserverB: Reacted to the event.");
}
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// The client code.
var subject = new Subject();
var observerA = new ConcreteObserverA();
subject.Attach(observerA);
var observerB = new ConcreteObserverB();
subject.Attach(observerB);
subject.SomeBusinessLogic();
subject.SomeBusinessLogic();
subject.Detach(observerB);
subject.SomeBusinessLogic();
}
}
}
Output.txt: Resultados da execução
Subject: Attached an observer.
Subject: Attached an observer.
Subject: I'm doing something important.
Subject: My state has just changed to: 2
Subject: Notifying observers...
ConcreteObserverA: Reacted to the event.
ConcreteObserverB: Reacted to the event.
Subject: I'm doing something important.
Subject: My state has just changed to: 1
Subject: Notifying observers...
ConcreteObserverA: Reacted to the event.
Subject: Detached an observer.
Subject: I'm doing something important.
Subject: My state has just changed to: 5
Subject: Notifying observers...
Observer em outras linguagens