Prototype en Java
Prototype es un patrón de diseño creacional que permite la clonación de objetos, incluso los complejos, sin acoplarse a sus clases específicas.
Todas las clases prototipo deben tener una interfaz común que haga posible copiar objetos incluso si sus clases concretas son desconocidas. Los objetos prototipo pueden producir copias completas, ya que los objetos de la misma clase pueden acceder a los campos privados de los demás.
Complejidad:
Popularidad:
Ejemplos de uso: El patrón Prototype está disponible en Java listo para usarse con una interfaz Cloneable.
Cualquier clase puede implementar esta interfaz para hacerse clonable.
-
java.lang.Object#clone()(la clase debe implementar la interfazjava.lang.Cloneable)
Identificación: El prototipo puede reconocerse fácilmente por un método clone o copy, etc.
Copiar formas gráficas
Vamos a ver cómo se puede implementar el patrón Prototype sin la interfaz estándar Cloneable.
shapes: Lista de formas
shapes/Shape.java: Interfaz común de las formas
package refactoring_guru.prototype.example.shapes;
import java.util.Objects;
public abstract class Shape {
public int x;
public int y;
public String color;
public Shape() {
}
public Shape(Shape target) {
if (target != null) {
this.x = target.x;
this.y = target.y;
this.color = target.color;
}
}
public abstract Shape clone();
@Override
public boolean equals(Object object2) {
if (!(object2 instanceof Shape)) return false;
Shape shape2 = (Shape) object2;
return shape2.x == x && shape2.y == y && Objects.equals(shape2.color, color);
}
}
shapes/Circle.java: Forma simple
package refactoring_guru.prototype.example.shapes;
public class Circle extends Shape {
public int radius;
public Circle() {
}
public Circle(Circle target) {
super(target);
if (target != null) {
this.radius = target.radius;
}
}
@Override
public Shape clone() {
return new Circle(this);
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object object2) {
if (!(object2 instanceof Circle) || !super.equals(object2)) return false;
Circle shape2 = (Circle) object2;
return shape2.radius == radius;
}
}
shapes/Rectangle.java: Otra forma
package refactoring_guru.prototype.example.shapes;
public class Rectangle extends Shape {
public int width;
public int height;
public Rectangle() {
}
public Rectangle(Rectangle target) {
super(target);
if (target != null) {
this.width = target.width;
this.height = target.height;
}
}
@Override
public Shape clone() {
return new Rectangle(this);
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object object2) {
if (!(object2 instanceof Rectangle) || !super.equals(object2)) return false;
Rectangle shape2 = (Rectangle) object2;
return shape2.width == width && shape2.height == height;
}
}
Demo.java: Ejemplo de clonación
package refactoring_guru.prototype.example;
import refactoring_guru.prototype.example.shapes.Circle;
import refactoring_guru.prototype.example.shapes.Rectangle;
import refactoring_guru.prototype.example.shapes.Shape;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class Demo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<Shape> shapes = new ArrayList<>();
List<Shape> shapesCopy = new ArrayList<>();
Circle circle = new Circle();
circle.x = 10;
circle.y = 20;
circle.radius = 15;
circle.color = "red";
shapes.add(circle);
Circle anotherCircle = (Circle) circle.clone();
shapes.add(anotherCircle);
Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle();
rectangle.width = 10;
rectangle.height = 20;
rectangle.color = "blue";
shapes.add(rectangle);
cloneAndCompare(shapes, shapesCopy);
}
private static void cloneAndCompare(List<Shape> shapes, List<Shape> shapesCopy) {
for (Shape shape : shapes) {
shapesCopy.add(shape.clone());
}
for (int i = 0; i < shapes.size(); i++) {
if (shapes.get(i) != shapesCopy.get(i)) {
System.out.println(i + ": Shapes are different objects (yay!)");
if (shapes.get(i).equals(shapesCopy.get(i))) {
System.out.println(i + ": And they are identical (yay!)");
} else {
System.out.println(i + ": But they are not identical (booo!)");
}
} else {
System.out.println(i + ": Shape objects are the same (booo!)");
}
}
}
}
OutputDemo.txt: Resultados de la ejecución
0: Shapes are different objects (yay!)
0: And they are identical (yay!)
1: Shapes are different objects (yay!)
1: And they are identical (yay!)
2: Shapes are different objects (yay!)
2: And they are identical (yay!)
Registro del prototipo
Puedes implementar un registro centralizado del prototipo (o fábrica), que contendría un grupo de objetos prototipo predefinidos. De este modo, podrías extraer nuevos objetos de la fábrica sin pasar su nombre u otros parámetros. La fábrica buscará un prototipo adecuado, lo clonará y te devolverá una copia.
cache
cache/BundledShapeCache.java: Fábrica de prototipos
package refactoring_guru.prototype.caching.cache;
import refactoring_guru.prototype.example.shapes.Circle;
import refactoring_guru.prototype.example.shapes.Rectangle;
import refactoring_guru.prototype.example.shapes.Shape;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
public class BundledShapeCache {
private Map<String, Shape> cache = new HashMap<>();
public BundledShapeCache() {
Circle circle = new Circle();
circle.x = 5;
circle.y = 7;
circle.radius = 45;
circle.color = "Green";
Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle();
rectangle.x = 6;
rectangle.y = 9;
rectangle.width = 8;
rectangle.height = 10;
rectangle.color = "Blue";
cache.put("Big green circle", circle);
cache.put("Medium blue rectangle", rectangle);
}
public Shape put(String key, Shape shape) {
cache.put(key, shape);
return shape;
}
public Shape get(String key) {
return cache.get(key).clone();
}
}
Demo.java: Ejemplo de clonación
package refactoring_guru.prototype.caching;
import refactoring_guru.prototype.caching.cache.BundledShapeCache;
import refactoring_guru.prototype.example.shapes.Shape;
public class Demo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
BundledShapeCache cache = new BundledShapeCache();
Shape shape1 = cache.get("Big green circle");
Shape shape2 = cache.get("Medium blue rectangle");
Shape shape3 = cache.get("Medium blue rectangle");
if (shape1 != shape2 && !shape1.equals(shape2)) {
System.out.println("Big green circle != Medium blue rectangle (yay!)");
} else {
System.out.println("Big green circle == Medium blue rectangle (booo!)");
}
if (shape2 != shape3) {
System.out.println("Medium blue rectangles are two different objects (yay!)");
if (shape2.equals(shape3)) {
System.out.println("And they are identical (yay!)");
} else {
System.out.println("But they are not identical (booo!)");
}
} else {
System.out.println("Rectangle objects are the same (booo!)");
}
}
}
OutputDemo.txt: Resultados de la ejecución
Big green circle != Medium blue rectangle (yay!)
Medium blue rectangles are two different objects (yay!)
And they are identical (yay!)
