Prototype es un patrón de diseño creacional que permite la clonación de objetos, incluso los complejos, sin acoplarse a sus clases específicas.
Todas las clases prototipo deben tener una interfaz común que haga posible copiar objetos incluso si sus clases concretas son desconocidas. Los objetos prototipo pueden producir copias completas, ya que los objetos de la misma clase pueden acceder a los campos privados de los demás.
Este ejemplo ilustra la estructura del patrón de diseño Prototype y se centra en las siguientes preguntas:
¿De qué clases se compone?
¿Qué papeles juegan esas clases?
¿De qué forma se relacionan los elementos del patrón?
Después de conocer la estructura del patrón, será más fácil comprender el siguiente ejemplo basado en un caso de uso real de Swift.
Example.swift: Ejemplo conceptual
import XCTest
/// Swift has built-in cloning support. To add cloning support to your class,
/// you need to implement the NSCopying protocol in that class and provide the
/// implementation for the `copy` method.
class BaseClass: NSCopying, Equatable {
private var intValue = 1
private var stringValue = "Value"
required init(intValue: Int = 1, stringValue: String = "Value") {
self.intValue = intValue
self.stringValue = stringValue
}
/// MARK: - NSCopying
func copy(with zone: NSZone? = nil) -> Any {
let prototype = type(of: self).init()
prototype.intValue = intValue
prototype.stringValue = stringValue
print("Values defined in BaseClass have been cloned!")
return prototype
}
/// MARK: - Equatable
static func == (lhs: BaseClass, rhs: BaseClass) -> Bool {
return lhs.intValue == rhs.intValue && lhs.stringValue == rhs.stringValue
}
}
/// Subclasses can override the base `copy` method to copy their own data into
/// the resulting object. But you should always call the base method first.
class SubClass: BaseClass {
private var boolValue = true
func copy() -> Any {
return copy(with: nil)
}
override func copy(with zone: NSZone?) -> Any {
guard let prototype = super.copy(with: zone) as? SubClass else {
return SubClass() // oops
}
prototype.boolValue = boolValue
print("Values defined in SubClass have been cloned!")
return prototype
}
}
/// The client code.
class Client {
// ...
static func someClientCode() {
let original = SubClass(intValue: 2, stringValue: "Value2")
guard let copy = original.copy() as? SubClass else {
XCTAssert(false)
return
}
/// See implementation of `Equatable` protocol for more details.
XCTAssert(copy == original)
print("The original object is equal to the copied object!")
}
// ...
}
/// Let's see how it all works together.
class PrototypeConceptual: XCTestCase {
func testPrototype_NSCopying() {
Client.someClientCode()
}
}
Output.txt: Resultado de la ejecución
Values defined in BaseClass have been cloned!
Values defined in SubClass have been cloned!
The original object is equal to the copied object!
Ejemplo del mundo real
Example.swift: Ejemplo del mundo real
import XCTest
class PrototypeRealWorld: XCTestCase {
func testPrototypeRealWorld() {
let author = Author(id: 10, username: "Ivan_83")
let page = Page(title: "My First Page", contents: "Hello world!", author: author)
page.add(comment: Comment(message: "Keep it up!"))
/// Since NSCopying returns Any, the copied object should be unwrapped.
guard let anotherPage = page.copy() as? Page else {
XCTFail("Page was not copied")
return
}
/// Comments should be empty as it is a new page.
XCTAssert(anotherPage.comments.isEmpty)
/// Note that the author is now referencing two objects.
XCTAssert(author.pagesCount == 2)
print("Original title: " + page.title)
print("Copied title: " + anotherPage.title)
print("Count of pages: " + String(author.pagesCount))
}
}
private class Author {
private var id: Int
private var username: String
private var pages = [Page]()
init(id: Int, username: String) {
self.id = id
self.username = username
}
func add(page: Page) {
pages.append(page)
}
var pagesCount: Int {
return pages.count
}
}
private class Page: NSCopying {
private(set) var title: String
private(set) var contents: String
private weak var author: Author?
private(set) var comments = [Comment]()
init(title: String, contents: String, author: Author?) {
self.title = title
self.contents = contents
self.author = author
author?.add(page: self)
}
func add(comment: Comment) {
comments.append(comment)
}
/// MARK: - NSCopying
func copy(with zone: NSZone? = nil) -> Any {
return Page(title: "Copy of '" + title + "'", contents: contents, author: author)
}
}
private struct Comment {
let date = Date()
let message: String
}
Output.txt: Resultado de la ejecución
Original title: My First Page
Copied title: Copy of 'My First Page'
Count of pages: 2
