Prototype en Python
Prototype es un patrón de diseño creacional que permite la clonación de objetos, incluso los complejos, sin acoplarse a sus clases específicas.
Todas las clases prototipo deben tener una interfaz común que haga posible copiar objetos incluso si sus clases concretas son desconocidas. Los objetos prototipo pueden producir copias completas, ya que los objetos de la misma clase pueden acceder a los campos privados de los demás.
Complejidad:
Popularidad:
Ejemplos de uso: El patrón Prototype está disponible en Python listo para usarse con una módulo copy.
Identificación: El prototipo puede reconocerse fácilmente por un método clone o copy, etc.
Ejemplo conceptual
Este ejemplo ilustra la estructura del patrón de diseño Prototype. Se centra en responder las siguientes preguntas:
- ¿De qué clases se compone?
- ¿Qué papeles juegan esas clases?
- ¿De qué forma se relacionan los elementos del patrón?
main.py: Ejemplo conceptual
import copy
class SelfReferencingEntity:
def __init__(self):
self.parent = None
def set_parent(self, parent):
self.parent = parent
class SomeComponent:
"""
Python provides its own interface of Prototype via `copy.copy` and
`copy.deepcopy` functions. And any class that wants to implement custom
implementations have to override `__copy__` and `__deepcopy__` member
functions.
"""
def __init__(self, some_int, some_list_of_objects, some_circular_ref):
self.some_int = some_int
self.some_list_of_objects = some_list_of_objects
self.some_circular_ref = some_circular_ref
def __copy__(self):
"""
Create a shallow copy. This method will be called whenever someone calls
`copy.copy` with this object and the returned value is returned as the
new shallow copy.
"""
# First, let's create copies of the nested objects.
some_list_of_objects = copy.copy(self.some_list_of_objects)
some_circular_ref = copy.copy(self.some_circular_ref)
# Then, let's clone the object itself, using the prepared clones of the
# nested objects.
new = self.__class__(
self.some_int, some_list_of_objects, some_circular_ref
)
new.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
return new
def __deepcopy__(self, memo=None):
"""
Create a deep copy. This method will be called whenever someone calls
`copy.deepcopy` with this object and the returned value is returned as
the new deep copy.
What is the use of the argument `memo`? Memo is the dictionary that is
used by the `deepcopy` library to prevent infinite recursive copies in
instances of circular references. Pass it to all the `deepcopy` calls
you make in the `__deepcopy__` implementation to prevent infinite
recursions.
"""
if memo is None:
memo = {}
# First, let's create copies of the nested objects.
some_list_of_objects = copy.deepcopy(self.some_list_of_objects, memo)
some_circular_ref = copy.deepcopy(self.some_circular_ref, memo)
# Then, let's clone the object itself, using the prepared clones of the
# nested objects.
new = self.__class__(
self.some_int, some_list_of_objects, some_circular_ref
)
new.__dict__ = copy.deepcopy(self.__dict__, memo)
return new
if __name__ == "__main__":
list_of_objects = [1, {1, 2, 3}, [1, 2, 3]]
circular_ref = SelfReferencingEntity()
component = SomeComponent(23, list_of_objects, circular_ref)
circular_ref.set_parent(component)
shallow_copied_component = copy.copy(component)
# Let's change the list in shallow_copied_component and see if it changes in
# component.
shallow_copied_component.some_list_of_objects.append("another object")
if component.some_list_of_objects[-1] == "another object":
print(
"Adding elements to `shallow_copied_component`'s "
"some_list_of_objects adds it to `component`'s "
"some_list_of_objects."
)
else:
print(
"Adding elements to `shallow_copied_component`'s "
"some_list_of_objects doesn't add it to `component`'s "
"some_list_of_objects."
)
# Let's change the set in the list of objects.
component.some_list_of_objects[1].add(4)
if 4 in shallow_copied_component.some_list_of_objects[1]:
print(
"Changing objects in the `component`'s some_list_of_objects "
"changes that object in `shallow_copied_component`'s "
"some_list_of_objects."
)
else:
print(
"Changing objects in the `component`'s some_list_of_objects "
"doesn't change that object in `shallow_copied_component`'s "
"some_list_of_objects."
)
deep_copied_component = copy.deepcopy(component)
# Let's change the list in deep_copied_component and see if it changes in
# component.
deep_copied_component.some_list_of_objects.append("one more object")
if component.some_list_of_objects[-1] == "one more object":
print(
"Adding elements to `deep_copied_component`'s "
"some_list_of_objects adds it to `component`'s "
"some_list_of_objects."
)
else:
print(
"Adding elements to `deep_copied_component`'s "
"some_list_of_objects doesn't add it to `component`'s "
"some_list_of_objects."
)
# Let's change the set in the list of objects.
component.some_list_of_objects[1].add(10)
if 10 in deep_copied_component.some_list_of_objects[1]:
print(
"Changing objects in the `component`'s some_list_of_objects "
"changes that object in `deep_copied_component`'s "
"some_list_of_objects."
)
else:
print(
"Changing objects in the `component`'s some_list_of_objects "
"doesn't change that object in `deep_copied_component`'s "
"some_list_of_objects."
)
print(
f"id(deep_copied_component.some_circular_ref.parent): "
f"{id(deep_copied_component.some_circular_ref.parent)}"
)
print(
f"id(deep_copied_component.some_circular_ref.parent.some_circular_ref.parent): "
f"{id(deep_copied_component.some_circular_ref.parent.some_circular_ref.parent)}"
)
print(
"^^ This shows that deepcopied objects contain same reference, they "
"are not cloned repeatedly."
)
Output.txt: Resultado de la ejecución
Adding elements to `shallow_copied_component`'s some_list_of_objects adds it to `component`'s some_list_of_objects.
Changing objects in the `component`'s some_list_of_objects changes that object in `shallow_copied_component`'s some_list_of_objects.
Adding elements to `deep_copied_component`'s some_list_of_objects doesn't add it to `component`'s some_list_of_objects.
Changing objects in the `component`'s some_list_of_objects doesn't change that object in `deep_copied_component`'s some_list_of_objects.
id(deep_copied_component.some_circular_ref.parent): 4429472784
id(deep_copied_component.some_circular_ref.parent.some_circular_ref.parent): 4429472784
^^ This shows that deepcopied objects contain same reference, they are not cloned repeatedly.
