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Strategy

Strategy em PHP

O Strategy é um padrão de projeto comportamental que transforma um conjunto de comportamentos em objetos e os torna intercambiáveis dentro do objeto de contexto original.

O objeto original, chamado contexto, mantém uma referência a um objeto strategy e o delega a execução do comportamento. Para alterar a maneira como o contexto executa seu trabalho, outros objetos podem substituir o objeto strategy atualmente vinculado por outro.

Navegação
 Introdução
 Exemplo conceitual
 index
 Output
 Exemplo do mundo real
 index
 Output

Complexidade:

Popularidade:

Exemplos de uso: O padrão Strategy é frequentemente usado no código PHP, especialmente quando é necessário alternar algoritmos em tempo de execução. No entanto, o padrão possui um forte concorrente representado por funções anônimas, suportado no PHP desde 2009.

Identificação: O padrão Strategy pode ser reconhecido por um método que permite que o objeto aninhado faça o trabalho real, bem como pelo setter que permite substituir esse objeto por outro diferente.

Exemplo conceitual

Este exemplo ilustra a estrutura do padrão de projeto Strategy. Ele se concentra em responder a estas perguntas:

  • De quais classes ele consiste?
  • Quais papéis essas classes desempenham?
  • De que maneira os elementos do padrão estão relacionados?

Depois de aprender sobre a estrutura do padrão, será mais fácil entender o exemplo a seguir, com base em um caso de uso PHP do mundo real.

index.php: Exemplo conceitual

<?php

namespace RefactoringGuru\Strategy\Conceptual;

/**
 * The Context defines the interface of interest to clients.
 */
class Context
{
    /**
     * @var Strategy The Context maintains a reference to one of the Strategy
     * objects. The Context does not know the concrete class of a strategy. It
     * should work with all strategies via the Strategy interface.
     */
    private $strategy;

    /**
     * Usually, the Context accepts a strategy through the constructor, but also
     * provides a setter to change it at runtime.
     */
    public function __construct(Strategy $strategy)
    {
        $this->strategy = $strategy;
    }

    /**
     * Usually, the Context allows replacing a Strategy object at runtime.
     */
    public function setStrategy(Strategy $strategy)
    {
        $this->strategy = $strategy;
    }

    /**
     * The Context delegates some work to the Strategy object instead of
     * implementing multiple versions of the algorithm on its own.
     */
    public function doSomeBusinessLogic(): void
    {
        // ...

        echo "Context: Sorting data using the strategy (not sure how it'll do it)\n";
        $result = $this->strategy->doAlgorithm(["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]);
        echo implode(",", $result) . "\n";

        // ...
    }
}

/**
 * The Strategy interface declares operations common to all supported versions
 * of some algorithm.
 *
 * The Context uses this interface to call the algorithm defined by Concrete
 * Strategies.
 */
interface Strategy
{
    public function doAlgorithm(array $data): array;
}

/**
 * Concrete Strategies implement the algorithm while following the base Strategy
 * interface. The interface makes them interchangeable in the Context.
 */
class ConcreteStrategyA implements Strategy
{
    public function doAlgorithm(array $data): array
    {
        sort($data);

        return $data;
    }
}

class ConcreteStrategyB implements Strategy
{
    public function doAlgorithm(array $data): array
    {
        rsort($data);

        return $data;
    }
}

/**
 * The client code picks a concrete strategy and passes it to the context. The
 * client should be aware of the differences between strategies in order to make
 * the right choice.
 */
$context = new Context(new ConcreteStrategyA());
echo "Client: Strategy is set to normal sorting.\n";
$context->doSomeBusinessLogic();

echo "\n";

echo "Client: Strategy is set to reverse sorting.\n";
$context->setStrategy(new ConcreteStrategyB());
$context->doSomeBusinessLogic();

Output.txt: Resultados da execução

Client: Strategy is set to normal sorting.
Context: Sorting data using the strategy (not sure how it'll do it)
a,b,c,d,e

Client: Strategy is set to reverse sorting.
Context: Sorting data using the strategy (not sure how it'll do it)
e,d,c,b,a

Exemplo do mundo real

Neste exemplo, o padrão Strategy é usado para representar os vários métodos de pagamento em uma aplicação de e-commerce.

Cada forma de pagamento pode exibir um formulário de pagamento para coletar detalhes de pagamento de um usuário e enviá-lo à empresa de processamento de pagamentos. Após a empresa de processamento de pagamentos redirecionar o usuário ao nosso site, o método de pagamento valida os parâmetros retornados e ajuda a decidir se o pedido foi concluído.

index.php: Exemplo do mundo real

<?php

namespace RefactoringGuru\Strategy\RealWorld;

/**
 * This is the router and controller of our application. Upon receiving a
 * request, this class decides what behavior should be executed. When the app
 * receives a payment request, the OrderController class also decides which
 * payment method it should use to process the request. Thus, the class acts as
 * the Context and the Client at the same time.
 */
class OrderController
{
    /**
     * Handle POST requests.
     *
     * @param $url
     * @param $data
     * @throws \Exception
     */
    public function post(string $url, array $data)
    {
        echo "Controller: POST request to $url with " . json_encode($data) . "\n";

        $path = parse_url($url, PHP_URL_PATH);

        if (preg_match('#^/orders?$#', $path, $matches)) {
            $this->postNewOrder($data);
        } else {
            echo "Controller: 404 page\n";
        }
    }

    /**
     * Handle GET requests.
     *
     * @param $url
     * @throws \Exception
     */
    public function get(string $url): void
    {
        echo "Controller: GET request to $url\n";

        $path = parse_url($url, PHP_URL_PATH);
        $query = parse_url($url, PHP_URL_QUERY);
        parse_str($query, $data);

        if (preg_match('#^/orders?$#', $path, $matches)) {
            $this->getAllOrders();
        } elseif (preg_match('#^/order/([0-9]+?)/payment/([a-z]+?)(/return)?$#', $path, $matches)) {
            $order = Order::get($matches[1]);

            // The payment method (strategy) is selected according to the value
            // passed along with the request.
            $paymentMethod = PaymentFactory::getPaymentMethod($matches[2]);

            if (!isset($matches[3])) {
                $this->getPayment($paymentMethod, $order, $data);
            } else {
                $this->getPaymentReturn($paymentMethod, $order, $data);
            }
        } else {
            echo "Controller: 404 page\n";
        }
    }

    /**
     * POST /order {data}
     */
    public function postNewOrder(array $data): void
    {
        $order = new Order($data);
        echo "Controller: Created the order #{$order->id}.\n";
    }

    /**
     * GET /orders
     */
    public function getAllOrders(): void
    {
        echo "Controller: Here's all orders:\n";
        foreach (Order::get() as $order) {
            echo json_encode($order, JSON_PRETTY_PRINT) . "\n";
        }
    }

    /**
     * GET /order/123/payment/XX
     */
    public function getPayment(PaymentMethod $method, Order $order, array $data): void
    {
        // The actual work is delegated to the payment method object.
        $form = $method->getPaymentForm($order);
        echo "Controller: here's the payment form:\n";
        echo $form . "\n";
    }

    /**
     * GET /order/123/payment/XXX/return?key=AJHKSJHJ3423&success=true
     */
    public function getPaymentReturn(PaymentMethod $method, Order $order, array $data): void
    {
        try {
            // Another type of work delegated to the payment method.
            if ($method->validateReturn($order, $data)) {
                echo "Controller: Thanks for your order!\n";
                $order->complete();
            }
        } catch (\Exception $e) {
            echo "Controller: got an exception (" . $e->getMessage() . ")\n";
        }
    }
}

/**
 * A simplified representation of the Order class.
 */
class Order
{
    /**
     * For the sake of simplicity, we'll store all created orders here...
     *
     * @var array
     */
    private static $orders = [];

    /**
     * ...and access them from here.
     *
     * @param int $orderId
     * @return mixed
     */
    public static function get(int $orderId = null)
    {
        if ($orderId === null) {
            return static::$orders;
        } else {
            return static::$orders[$orderId];
        }
    }

    /**
     * The Order constructor assigns the values of the order's fields. To keep
     * things simple, there is no validation whatsoever.
     *
     * @param array $attributes
     */
    public function __construct(array $attributes)
    {
        $this->id = count(static::$orders);
        $this->status = "new";
        foreach ($attributes as $key => $value) {
            $this->{$key} = $value;
        }
        static::$orders[$this->id] = $this;
    }

    /**
     * The method to call when an order gets paid.
     */
    public function complete(): void
    {
        $this->status = "completed";
        echo "Order: #{$this->id} is now {$this->status}.";
    }
}

/**
 * This class helps to produce a proper strategy object for handling a payment.
 */
class PaymentFactory
{
    /**
     * Get a payment method by its ID.
     *
     * @param $id
     * @return PaymentMethod
     * @throws \Exception
     */
    public static function getPaymentMethod(string $id): PaymentMethod
    {
        switch ($id) {
            case "cc":
                return new CreditCardPayment();
            case "paypal":
                return new PayPalPayment();
            default:
                throw new \Exception("Unknown Payment Method");
        }
    }
}

/**
 * The Strategy interface describes how a client can use various Concrete
 * Strategies.
 *
 * Note that in most examples you can find on the Web, strategies tend to do
 * some tiny thing within one method. However, in reality, your strategies can
 * be much more robust (by having several methods, for example).
 */
interface PaymentMethod
{
    public function getPaymentForm(Order $order): string;

    public function validateReturn(Order $order, array $data): bool;
}

/**
 * This Concrete Strategy provides a payment form and validates returns for
 * credit card payments.
 */
class CreditCardPayment implements PaymentMethod
{
    static private $store_secret_key = "swordfish";

    public function getPaymentForm(Order $order): string
    {
        $returnURL = "https://our-website.com/" .
            "order/{$order->id}/payment/cc/return";

        return <<<FORM
<form action="https://my-credit-card-processor.com/charge" method="POST">
    <input type="hidden" id="email" value="{$order->email}">
    <input type="hidden" id="total" value="{$order->total}">
    <input type="hidden" id="returnURL" value="$returnURL">
    <input type="text" id="cardholder-name">
    <input type="text" id="credit-card">
    <input type="text" id="expiration-date">
    <input type="text" id="ccv-number">
    <input type="submit" value="Pay">
</form>
FORM;
    }

    public function validateReturn(Order $order, array $data): bool
    {
        echo "CreditCardPayment: ...validating... ";

        if ($data['key'] != md5($order->id . static::$store_secret_key)) {
            throw new \Exception("Payment key is wrong.");
        }

        if (!isset($data['success']) || !$data['success'] || $data['success'] == 'false') {
            throw new \Exception("Payment failed.");
        }

        // ...

        if (floatval($data['total']) < $order->total) {
            throw new \Exception("Payment amount is wrong.");
        }

        echo "Done!\n";

        return true;
    }
}

/**
 * This Concrete Strategy provides a payment form and validates returns for
 * PayPal payments.
 */
class PayPalPayment implements PaymentMethod
{
    public function getPaymentForm(Order $order): string
    {
        $returnURL = "https://our-website.com/" .
            "order/{$order->id}/payment/paypal/return";

        return <<<FORM
<form action="https://paypal.com/payment" method="POST">
    <input type="hidden" id="email" value="{$order->email}">
    <input type="hidden" id="total" value="{$order->total}">
    <input type="hidden" id="returnURL" value="$returnURL">
    <input type="submit" value="Pay on PayPal">
</form>
FORM;
    }

    public function validateReturn(Order $order, array $data): bool
    {
        echo "PayPalPayment: ...validating... ";

        // ...

        echo "Done!\n";

        return true;
    }
}

/**
 * The client code.
 */

$controller = new OrderController();

echo "Client: Let's create some orders\n";

$controller->post("/orders", [
    "email" => "me@example.com",
    "product" => "ABC Cat food (XL)",
    "total" => 9.95,
]);

$controller->post("/orders", [
    "email" => "me@example.com",
    "product" => "XYZ Cat litter (XXL)",
    "total" => 19.95,
]);

echo "\nClient: List my orders, please\n";

$controller->get("/orders");

echo "\nClient: I'd like to pay for the second, show me the payment form\n";

$controller->get("/order/1/payment/paypal");

echo "\nClient: ...pushes the Pay button...\n";
echo "\nClient: Oh, I'm redirected to the PayPal.\n";
echo "\nClient: ...pays on the PayPal...\n";
echo "\nClient: Alright, I'm back with you, guys.\n";

$controller->get("/order/1/payment/paypal/return" .
    "?key=c55a3964833a4b0fa4469ea94a057152&success=true&total=19.95");

Output.txt: Resultados da execução

Client: Let's create some orders
Controller: POST request to /orders with {"email":"me@example.com","product":"ABC Cat food (XL)","total":9.95}
Controller: Created the order #0.
Controller: POST request to /orders with {"email":"me@example.com","product":"XYZ Cat litter (XXL)","total":19.95}
Controller: Created the order #1.

Client: List my orders, please
Controller: GET request to /orders
Controller: Here's all orders:
{
    "id": 0,
    "status": "new",
    "email": "me@example.com",
    "product": "ABC Cat food (XL)",
    "total": 9.95
}
{
    "id": 1,
    "status": "new",
    "email": "me@example.com",
    "product": "XYZ Cat litter (XXL)",
    "total": 19.95
}

Client: I'd like to pay for the second, show me the payment form
Controller: GET request to /order/1/payment/paypal
Controller: here's the payment form:
<form action="https://paypal.com/payment" method="POST">
    <input type="hidden" id="email" value="me@example.com">
    <input type="hidden" id="total" value="19.95">
    <input type="hidden" id="returnURL" value="https://our-website.com/order/1/payment/paypal/return">
    <input type="submit" value="Pay on PayPal">
</form>

Client: ...pushes the Pay button...

Client: Oh, I'm redirected to the PayPal.

Client: ...pays on the PayPal...

Client: Alright, I'm back with you, guys.
Controller: GET request to /order/1/payment/paypal/return?key=c55a3964833a4b0fa4469ea94a057152&success=true&total=19.95
PayPalPayment: ...validating... Done!
Controller: Thanks for your order!
Order: #1 is now completed.

Strategy em outras linguagens

Strategy em C# Strategy em C++ Strategy em Go Strategy em Java Strategy em Python Strategy em Ruby Strategy em Rust Strategy em Swift Strategy em TypeScript