Flyweight in Go

Flyweight is a structural design pattern that allows programs to support vast quantities of objects by keeping their memory consumption low.

The pattern achieves it by sharing parts of object state between multiple objects. In other words, the Flyweight saves RAM by caching the same data used by different objects.

Learn more about Flyweight

Conceptual Example

In a game of Counter-Strike, Terrorist and Counter-Terrorist have a different type of dress. For simplicity, let’s assume that both Terrorist and Counter-Terrorists have one dress type each. The dress object is embedded in the player object as below.

Below is the struct for a player. We can see that the dress object is embedded in the player struct:

type player struct {
    dress      dress
    playerType string // Can be T or CT
    lat        int
    long       int
}

Let’s say there are 5 Terrorists and 5 Counter-Terrorist, so a total of 10 players. Now there are two options concerning dress.

Each of the 10 player objects creates a different dress object and embeds them. A total of 10 dress objects will be created.
We create two dress objects:
- Single Terrorist Dress Object: This will be shared across 5 Terrorists.
- Single Counter-Terrorist Dress Object: This will be shared across 5 Counter-Terrorist.

As you can see in Approach 1, a total of 10 dress objects are created while in approach 2 only 2 dress objects are created. The second approach is what we follow in the Flyweight design pattern. The two dress objects which we created are called the flyweight objects.

The Flyweight pattern takes out the common parts and creates flyweight objects. These flyweight objects (dress) can then be shared among multiple objects (player). This drastically reduces the number of dress objects, and the good part is that even if you create more players, only two dress objects will be sufficient.

In the flyweight pattern, we store the flyweight objects in the map field. Whenever the other objects which share the flyweight objects are created, then flyweight objects are fetched from the map.

Let’s see what parts of this arrangement will be intrinsic and extrinsic states:

Intrinsic State: Dress in the intrinsic state as it can be shared across multiple Terrorist and Counter-Terrorist objects.
Extrinsic State: Player location and the player weapon are an extrinsic state as they are different for every object.

dressFactory.go: Flyweight factory

package main

import "fmt"

const (
	//TerroristDressType terrorist dress type
	TerroristDressType = "tDress"
	//CounterTerrroristDressType terrorist dress type
	CounterTerrroristDressType = "ctDress"
)

var (
	dressFactorySingleInstance = &DressFactory{
		dressMap: make(map[string]Dress),
	}
)

type DressFactory struct {
	dressMap map[string]Dress
}

func (d *DressFactory) getDressByType(dressType string) (Dress, error) {
	if d.dressMap[dressType] != nil {
		return d.dressMap[dressType], nil
	}

	if dressType == TerroristDressType {
		d.dressMap[dressType] = newTerroristDress()
		return d.dressMap[dressType], nil
	}
	if dressType == CounterTerrroristDressType {
		d.dressMap[dressType] = newCounterTerroristDress()
		return d.dressMap[dressType], nil
	}

	return nil, fmt.Errorf("Wrong dress type passed")
}

func getDressFactorySingleInstance() *DressFactory {
	return dressFactorySingleInstance
}

dress.go: Flyweight interface

package main

type Dress interface {
	getColor() string
}

terroristDress.go: Concrete flyweight object

package main

type TerroristDress struct {
	color string
}

func (t *TerroristDress) getColor() string {
	return t.color
}

func newTerroristDress() *TerroristDress {
	return &TerroristDress{color: "red"}
}

counterTerroristDress.go: Concrete flyweight object

package main

type CounterTerroristDress struct {
	color string
}

func (c *CounterTerroristDress) getColor() string {
	return c.color
}

func newCounterTerroristDress() *CounterTerroristDress {
	return &CounterTerroristDress{color: "green"}
}

player.go: Context

package main

type Player struct {
	dress      Dress
	playerType string
	lat        int
	long       int
}

func newPlayer(playerType, dressType string) *Player {
	dress, _ := getDressFactorySingleInstance().getDressByType(dressType)
	return &Player{
		playerType: playerType,
		dress:      dress,
	}
}

func (p *Player) newLocation(lat, long int) {
	p.lat = lat
	p.long = long
}

game.go: Client code

package main

type game struct {
	terrorists        []*Player
	counterTerrorists []*Player
}

func newGame() *game {
	return &game{
		terrorists:        make([]*Player, 1),
		counterTerrorists: make([]*Player, 1),
	}
}

func (c *game) addTerrorist(dressType string) {
	player := newPlayer("T", dressType)
	c.terrorists = append(c.terrorists, player)
	return
}

func (c *game) addCounterTerrorist(dressType string) {
	player := newPlayer("CT", dressType)
	c.counterTerrorists = append(c.counterTerrorists, player)
	return
}

main.go: Client code

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	game := newGame()

	//Add Terrorist
	game.addTerrorist(TerroristDressType)
	game.addTerrorist(TerroristDressType)
	game.addTerrorist(TerroristDressType)
	game.addTerrorist(TerroristDressType)

	//Add CounterTerrorist
	game.addCounterTerrorist(CounterTerrroristDressType)
	game.addCounterTerrorist(CounterTerrroristDressType)
	game.addCounterTerrorist(CounterTerrroristDressType)

	dressFactoryInstance := getDressFactorySingleInstance()

	for dressType, dress := range dressFactoryInstance.dressMap {
		fmt.Printf("DressColorType: %s\nDressColor: %s\n", dressType, dress.getColor())
	}
}

output.txt: Execution result

DressColorType: ctDress
DressColor: green
DressColorType: tDress
DressColor: red

Based on: Golang By Example